Elasticity free essay sample

Versatility of interest is the proportion of purchaser reaction to a change whether an expansion or lessening in cost. There are three classifications that the reaction of the customer can be gathered into: flexible, inelastic and unit flexibility. The computation is moderately basic and the appropriate response or the coefficient will be contrasted with the number 1. This number will consistently be sure and if our figuring gives us a negative number we take the supreme worth. We isolate the percent of progress sought after by the percent change in cost. For instance if the cost of milk went up 10 % and the adjustment sought after went somewhere around 1% we would separate . 10 by . 01. This would offer us a response of . 1. Given that . 1 is under 1 we realize that the great, for this situation milk, would be inelastic. This implies short term cost doesn't highly affect request. If we somehow managed to take a gander at an alternate decent or administration we may see various outcomes. We will compose a custom article test on Versatility or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For instance if the cost of film tickets expanded by 10% and the interest diminished by 20% we would apply a similar count. We would need to separate . 20 by . 1 which would give us a coefficient of 2. 2 is more prominent than 1 so we can say that this great falls into the classification of being versatile. Albeit uncommon the third class that a decent or administration can fall into is called unit versatility. Unit flexibility is the point at which the percent change in cost is equivalent to the percent change sought after. For instance if the expense of books expanded by 10 percent and the interest diminished by 10 percent then when we isolated . 1 by. 1 we would find a solution of 1. At the point when this happens we realize that this thing has unit versatility. B. Cross value flexibility encourages us decide the connection between two distinct items. We figure this by isolating the percent change sought after for item Y by the percent change of cost in item X. This estimation will assist us with recognizing whether the items are substitute or corresponding products. Dissimilar to our computation for Elasticity of interest we contrast our answer here with the number zero. We utilize both positive and negative numbers. If we somehow managed to look at film tickets which had a 5 percent expansion in cost to popcorn which had a 10 % decline popular we would figure this by separating . 05 by - . 1 we find a solution of - 2. This obviously is under zero so we realize that these two items are arranged as correlative. C. Salary versatility is the proportion of interest changes in correlation with the adjustment in close to home pay. This will assist us with arranging items into two classifications second rate and predominant merchandise. This is likewise measure facing zero and considers both positive and negative qualities. The estimation is finished by separating the percent change sought after of a particular item by the percent change in salary. For instance if we somehow managed to perceive how customers react to a 10 percent expansion corresponding to interest for superior quality TVs. If we somehow managed to assume request expanded by 5 percent we would figure this by isolating . 05 by. 1 which would bring about an answer of . 5. We realize this thing would be viewed as an ordinary or prevalent great since our answer is a positive number. If we somehow happened to take a gander at the interest of DVD players comparable to a 10 percent expansion in close to home pay and we have a 25 percent decline sought after we would partition - . 25 by . 1 which would bring about an answer of - 2. 5. Since this number is under zero we would arrange this item as a substandard decent. D. Lets allude back to our prior model utilizing red and green grapes. At the point when we played out our figuring we found â€Å"Availability of Substitutes† exists for red grapes. This implies there are possibilities for substitutes that shoppers find adequate. In the event that we go to Safe way and see that red grapes are 3 dollars more than green grapes it is sensible to pick the green grapes. Since there are accessible substitutes that are effectively available this keeps request flexible E. â€Å"Proportion of Income Devoted to a Good† is an idea that takes a gander at the percent of individual pay that is committed to a specific decent or administration. We have been managing change in rate so cost can changes can seem equivalent yet that can have critical effect contingent upon what the extent of pay is. F. For instance every month I pay for my Netflix membership. For this conversation let’s state it speaks to 1 percent of my salary. I additionally pay 1600 dollars per month in lease every month. On the off chance that both of these things were to encounter a 10 percent cost increment the effect would be altogether different. My Netflix would go from 10 to 12 dollars. This would be bothering however inconsequential. My lease in any case, would go from 1600 to 1920 per month. This would be impractical for me to keep up. Over the momentary I would more than likely have restricted alternatives, for example, first and a month ago spared and so forth so I may get a flat mate however as time goes on I would have the opportunity to pick an all the more sensibly valued spot to live that addressed my issues. Request turns out to be progressively versatile as time goes on in light of the fact that buyers have the opportunity to â€Å"shop around† and find different arrangements. G. The value go the territories on the interest bend where request is versatile is somewhere in the range of $80 and $50 and the qty is somewhere in the range of 1 and 4. The value go where the interest is unit flexible is between$50 and $40 and the qty is somewhere in the range of 4 and 5. The zone of the interest fix where request is inelastic is somewhere in the range of $40 and $0 dollars and the amount is somewhere in the range of 5 and 9. We can decide this one of two different ways. First is by utilizing the computation we talked about before for versatility of interest. Second is utilize the Total Revenue Test. At the point when request is versatile cost will diminish while income increments. At the point when request is unit flexible cost will diminish anyway income will continue as before. At the point when request becomes inelastic cost will diminish just as income.

Design Methods of Family-Centered Communication Coursework

Clan-X Essays - American Folk Songs, English-language Films

Group X There's another child at school, his name is Leigh, he thinks he is such a hotshot know all. At the point when he shook up at school on his very first day, he attempted to do an extravagant rabbit bounce on his crappie, crushed up old bicycle and stacked it. It was funny, particularly at the point when he attempted to get back on. He simply fell straight over it once more what's more, down and out three of his spokes and began to cry. He strolled around school the whole week, flaunting before everybody, revealing to them how great he was, making a decent attempt to be everybody's companion, yet we ensured no one enjoyed him. We were a piece of a Family I began called Clan-X. My pack individuals were: Rene, Grant, Imprint, Trent, Tim, Daimien and myself, Cameron. We essentially just pushed individuals around for kicks. Normally individuals that were a large portion of our size and strolled around without anyone else. We got a kick out of the chance to explode individuals' letter boxes the most, normally exactly at irregular. At whatever point any new children went to our school, we used to prod and ridicule them, so they felt unwanted and had no companions. Generally they left the school, we adored it when they did that. Anyway, back to the story... On Friday evening, soon after school, we were all strolling home discussing the amount of a washout this new person was. When we got as far as possible of the road, we had all concurred that we ought to plan something absolutely ridiculous for his feline in light of the fact that he had been boasting about everything week. On Saturday, we as a whole met up at the nearby park and brought along little apparatuses which we thought may prove to be useful for this evil exercise. Award and Rene brought some rope and a switch-sharp edge. Trent and Mark brought a container of methylated spirits and a few matches. Tim and Daimien brought a voice scrambler and a cell phone and I brought a few explosives, which I got from the nearby markets. We contemplated what we were going to really do. At long last, I stood up and stated, Alright, First, I will hop Leigh's back fence and snatch the feline. I'll take Tim and Daimien with me just on the off chance that I can't discover it. Award and Rene would then be able to tie it up to a tree and cut it's bristles off. At that point Trent and Mark can soak it with methylated spirits, (making a point not to suffocate it, as we need it to consume alive). You folks can begin to run down the road and I'll call up Leigh on the cell phone and state Franticness causes significant damage, it would be ideal if you have precise change. Then I'll toss a K0205 at his front entryway. At the point when it goes off I'll illuminate the feline and run. We'll all meet back at the school. Gracious, and remember, in the event that you get captured, I'll take the warmth, my folks couldn't mind less in the event that I was at the cop shop. Everyone was quiet, Grant and Rene gave me debilitated smiles. Tim immediately stood up and stated, Sure, we toast his feline, and alarm the poo out of him, however what does he gain from it? and afterward Daimien barged in on, Definitely, his right, we should like leave a note or on the other hand something. I thought for a second and stated, Alright, when I get home I'll think of him a note out of news paper clippings. We'll leave it under his entryway tangle or something. Everybody put your stuff in my sack here and afterward we would be advised to return to our homes. Be back here at 10:00pm this evening. As I was strolling home, I was thinking how amusing the expression all over would be the point at which I lit up that defenseless feline, and how confounded he would be the point at which he heard the words Frenzy causes significant damage, if it's not too much trouble have precise change. I basically couldn't pause. At the point when I at long last returned home, I experienced all the news papers and all the magazines I could discover. After about an hour I had completed the letter. It read: IF YOU DON'T LEAVE THIS SCHOOL BY THE END OF THE WEEK, IT WILL BE YOU THAT Consumes. Mate... - LOVE CLAN-X. At the point when I got to the recreation center at 10:00pm everybody was at that point there, sitting tight for me. It was dim and everything was quiet. Leigh just lived around the bend from the recreation center. I discovered his location from the accommodating Telstra administrator. At the point when we showed up at Leigh's home Daimien and Tim, without saying a word bounced the fence, I followed. We found the feline sleeping on the

Case Study on Business Ethics

Question: Contextual analysis onBusiness Ethics. Answer: Presentation Business morals is urgent for the advancement of the association and for breaking down whether their business choice is continuing in a right manner or not. Notwithstanding that, Hilson, (2012) notice that Corporate Social Responsibility is critical for a superior corporate advantages and open picture that supports the representative commitment, yet it will likewise help pull in and hold financial specialists. It is likewise clear that Lee, (2013) 55% of the customer ready to partner and pay more for socially capable associations. 65% of the Fortune 500 organizations satisfy all the necessity of the CSR exercises (Starbucks The Best Coffee and Espresso Drinks, 2016). Besides, the quantity of item extends, their advancement technique and the procedure for dealing with those items proficiently and support for development for the future improvement of the business is likewise essential for a satisfactory endurance in the market. For this task, Starbucks Corporation is considered for breaking down their business morals and CSR exercises. The investigation likewise includes the short synopsis of companys history and its experience alongside their items and special technique. Moreover, their strategic the methodology by which the concerned association deals with their items will likewise be examined in the task. Eventually, the business morals and the corporate social obligation of Starbucks will be shown in the examination, which follows with the general finish of the report. Conversation Brief audit of Starbucks Starbucks Corporation is one of the main establishments for espresso makers and is an American espresso organization established by three individuals Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker in the year 1971 of March 30 (Starbucks The Best Coffee and Espresso Drinks, 2016). They have a tremendous scope of items for their clients with the goal that they can choose food and drinks as indicated by their decision. They have a sandwich, Panini, bistro box and plate of mixed greens bowl in lunch things in moderate value run. Chua and Banerjee, (2013) portray that nibble things are likewise accessible in $1.75 or lesser cost. They additionally sell filtered water both hot and cold beverages that are provided to them by Ethos Water. Starbucks have Espresso Beverages ranges including Cappucino, Iced Caffe Latte, Caffe Americano and Vanilla Latte and in Frappuccino drinks they have Espresso Frappuccino Blended Beverage, Caramel Frappuccino Blended Beverages and Java Chip Frappuccino Blended Beverages. Crucial Starbucks The significant crucial Starbucks is to rouse the human soul alongside supporting the greater part of the human angles that are identified with the life (Starbucks The Best Coffee and Espresso Drinks, 2016). Then again, Starbucks are guaranteed to keep the nature of the items in the high range for fulfilling the clients. Starbucks are energetic about their moral sources that can show signs of improvement nature of espresso beans just as in nowadays, Starbucks referenced that continually keeping the data of the fundamental sources that are identified with flexibly us higher caliber of espresso beans is their one of the most profoundly huge strategic remarked by Lee, (2013). It is important to make reference to that, another crucial Starbucks is to give amazing consideration of the espresso beans at the broiling time in such a case that the cooking procedure isn't done in a legitimate manner that can have the option to obstruct the nature of the results of Starbucks as opined by Mahobia Jain, (2015). Furthermore, extending the business into different districts alongside fulfilling their clients is additionally another significant crucial Starbucks. As expressed by Brizek, (2014), according to the perspective on the mission of Starbucks, Starbucks is focused on understanding the ecological issues that are preventing the way of life of the individual for making mindfulness among their colleagues just as inside the general public. Then again, Starbucks is estimated just as screen the advancement of their different activities and proceeding with this viewpoint according to their hierarchical crucial uncovered by Bowen Sisson, (2013). Workers of Starbucks As distributed by Morais et al. (2014), Starbucks is the one of the biggest just as best café association in this globe. Then again, close around 21600 stores are there in close around 65 countries with regards to this world (Starbucks The Best Coffee and Espresso Drinks, 2016). Close around 12300 stores are offering upgraded types of assistance to the buyers in the United States, close around 1800 stores in China, close around 900 stores in the United Kingdom just as close around 1400 stores in Canada. It is important to specify that, close around 192000 representatives are by and by working with Starbucks inside the different stores as opened by Harold, (2015). In any case, during the time of creating less income alongside lower costs, Starbucks shut close around 900 stores in different countries just as close around 34000 representatives were ended in the time of 2007-2008 as it was found by Jianfei, (2014). Facilitators of Starbucks Subsidiaries Different branches are there who are helping Starbucks for assembling their items just as to keep up the higher caliber of the items to pull in new buyers just as to fulfill the current clients as opined by Herbert, Olligs Overesch, (2015). Not many of the auxiliaries are recorded underneath with their huge obligations. Ethos Water: Ethos Water is the essential asset which is providing the water to Starbucks. Auxiliaries Duty Ethos Water Ethos Water is the essential asset which is giving the water to Starbucks as remarked by Nguyen Rugman, (2014). Advancement Fresh Advancement Fresh is the essential assets which are providing new organic product juice, smoothies, plates of mixed greens just as gourmet soups of for assembling different entrancing items. Pascal Rigo Pascal Rigo is one of the most exceptionally significant auxiliaries who are providing the entirety of the pastry kitchen items that are profoundly need for delivering the preparing related food just as refreshment results of Starbucks as opined by Cavaliere Lombardi, (2015). Seattles Best Coffee Seattles Best Coffee is the most significant auxiliaries of Starbucks in light of the fact that this retail association is providing best nature of espresso for keeping up the nature of the espresso related results of Starbucks as got from (Starbucks The Best Coffee and Espresso Drinks, 2016). Existing Market Condition of Starbucks As remarked by Reinhard, (2015), huge quantities of adversaries are there who are precipitously contending with Starbucks alongside their items. Furthermore, as of now, Starbucks is taking different profoundly huge viewpoints identified with request, gracefully just as harmony valuing procedures for making sway on the shoppers just as to keep up the official rivalry with the opponents. In this way, the present monetary angles are likewise expanding according to the deals of their better nature of items just as the business id directing that diminishing the interest can have the option to raise the purpose behind dropping the costs as it is remarked by Butuner, (2016). Be that as it may, according to the statement of purpose of Starbucks, they as often as possible watch their market standings dependent on their hierarchical marketing projections just as the criticism from the purchasers end. Then again, different issues just as circumstances are there that can go to the front of Starbucks while they are going to sell the liquor in Starbucks establishments as remarked by Latif et al. (2014). A large portion of the stores of Starbucks needs to access just as decide the exceptionally critical capacities just as systems for defeat the genuine boundaries that are thwarting the authoritative exercises of Starbucks. It is important to make reference to that, according to the yearly report of World Trade Organization (WTO), Starbucks in one of the top espresso item selling association among the main five overall espresso item selling associations as expressed by Qian Xing, (2016). Results of Starbucks Starbucks offers different hypnotizing items. As remarked by McVicar, Clark Manning, (2016), Starbucks are continually creating their items by keeping up the sterile viewpoint just as to keep the human body sound just as fit. Hardly any cutting edge items are referenced underneath alongside their legitimate depiction. Starbucks Coffee Frappuccino: Starbucks Coffee Frappuccino is set up with nonfat milk just as ice for making a taste from the light side. In this specific item, the aggregate sum of sugars is 8 percent alongside 10 percent of Calcium (Starbucks The Best Coffee and Espresso Drinks, 2016). It is important to make reference to that, in this specific item, Starbucks rejects the Fat, Cholesterol just as Iron for making the human wellbeing fit. Treat Crumble Creme Frappuccino: Cookie Crumble Creme Frappuccino is set up with vanilla syrup, milk just as ice alongside whipped crme and chocolate treat disintegrates for mixing the mocha. In this specific item, the aggregate sum of starches is 22 percent alongside 20 percent of Calcium, 12 percent dietary fat just as 25 percent Iron (Starbucks The Best Coffee and Espresso Drinks, 2016). It is important to make reference to that, in this specific item, Starbucks prohibits the Vitamin C for giving the clients a sweet chocolaty ice drink. Frosted Espresso Classics - Vanilla Latte: Iced Espresso Classics - Vanilla Latte is set up with vanilla syrup, espresso also milk alongside ice 3D squares. In this specific item, the aggregate sum of sugars is 7 percent alongside 15 percent of Calcium, 3 percent Cholesterol just as 3 percent Sodium (Starbucks The Best Coffee and Espresso Drinks, 2016). It is important to make reference to that, in this specific item, Starbucks avoids the Vi

Risk and Return Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hazard and Return Relationship - Essay Example The article Hazard and Return Relationship discusses the qualities that can impact chance as the likelihood of losing anything of significant worth or vulnerability of an outcome. This paper additionally investigates the hazard and return relationship which is basic to the potential speculation choices. The hazard is a result of those moves which are made paying little mind to vulnerability. The qualities that can control or impact dangers are as per the following: Utilizing obligation: Using obligation in the business expands the odds of hazard bear by investors, however it additionally brings about the higher pace of profits. Ideal capital structure: Making utilization of ideal or most great capital structure adjusts the weight or impact of hazard and amplifies the stock cost of the organization. Forceful administration: Risk can be affected by the forceful administration. The forceful supervisors of the firm are progressively inclined to use obligation so as to build benefit. The connection among hazard and return is major to the speculation choices, in the case of surveying a sole venture or choosing between various speculations. Potential speculators assess the connection among hazard and return when they need to settle on a choice in regards to interest in protections like bonds or offers. It has been found that there is a positive association between the hazard and return. The protections which are more dangerous give a more prominent return. Nonetheless, Bowman found that there is an unmistakable and critical negative connection among hazard and return.

The Debate Over Repressed and Recovered Memories

The Debate Over Repressed and Recovered Memories Brain Health Print The Debate Over Repressed and Recovered Memories How Memory Works By Leonard Holmes Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD, FAAN on February 01, 2020 Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD, is an award-winning physician-scientist and clinical development specialist. Learn about our Medical Review Board Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD, FAAN on February 01, 2020 Jan Hakan Dahlstrom / Getty Images More in Brain Health Brain Food Mental Exercises Healthy Aging There is still a fairly heated controversy in the field of psychology about whether or not repressed memories can or should be recovered, as well as whether or not they are accurate. The clearest divide appears to be between mental health practitioners and researchers. In one study, clinicians had a much greater tendency to believe that people repress memories that can be recovered in therapy than the researchers did.?? The general public, too, has a belief in repressed memory. Clearly, more research is needed in the area of memory.   Trauma Can Be Forgotten Most people remember the bad things that happen to them, but sometimes extreme trauma is forgotten. Scientists are studying this, and we are beginning to understand how this occurs. When this forgetting becomes extreme, a dissociative disorder sometimes develops, such as dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder.?? These disorders and their relationship to trauma are still being studied. The Double-Edged Sword of Childhood Trauma and Dissociation How Memory Works Memory is not like a tape recorder. The brain processes information and stores it in different ways. Most of us have had some mildly traumatic experiences, and these experiences sometimes seem to be burned into our brains with a high degree of detail. Scientists are studying the relationship between two parts of the brain, the amygdala,  and the hippocampus, to understand why this is. Heres what we know at this time: Moderate trauma can enhance long-term memory.?? This is the common-sense experience that most of us have, and it makes it difficult to understand how the memory of horrible events can be forgotten.Extreme trauma can disrupt long-term storage and leave memories stored as emotions or sensations rather than as memories. Research suggests that it can take up to several days to fully store an event in long-term memory.??Sensory triggers in the present can cause forgotten material to surface. This is because the material is associated with the trigger through a process known as state-dependent memory, learning, and behavior.??False memories of mildly traumatic events have been created in the laboratory.?? It is unclear to what extent this occurs in other settings.Studies have documented that people who live through extreme trauma sometimes forget the trauma.?? The memory of the trauma can return later in life, usually beginning in the form of sensations or emotions, sometimes involving fla shbacks where the person feels like they are reliving the memory. This material gradually becomes more integrated until it resembles other memories. The Debate Over Recovered Memories Are recovered memories necessarily true? There is much debate about this. Some therapists who work with trauma survivors believe that the memories are true because they are accompanied by such extreme emotions. Other therapists have reported that some of their patients have recovered memories which could not have been true (a memory of being decapitated, for example). Some groups have claimed that therapists are implanting memories or causing false memories in vulnerable patients by suggesting that they are victims of abuse when no abuse occurred. Some therapists do seem to have persuaded patients that their symptoms were due to abuse when they did not know this to be true. This was never considered good therapeutic practice, and most therapists are careful not to suggest a cause for a symptom unless the patient reports the cause. There is some research suggesting that false memories for mild trauma can be created in the laboratory. In one study, suggestions were made that children had been lost in a shopping mall. Many of the children later came to believe that this was a real memory.?? Note: It is not ethical to suggest memories of severe trauma in a laboratory setting. False Memories and the Misinformation Effect

Managing financial resources and decisions in business startups - Free Essay Example

John Caird had been working in an engineering consultancy firm. Recently he laid off with redundancy payment. He is planning to start his own business. In this assignment I discussed various forms of financing of business, how he can start his business, what are the problems of his business and many business and finance terms. Chapter-1- Identifying the sources of finance available to business. Task answer: There are several possible business options for John Caird. These options are sole trader or proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Sole trader or proprietorship 2. Partnership 3. Limited company Sole trader: a sole trader is an individual in business. Generally sole traders businesses are small with their own name. It is the most common organization. There are some advantages of being a sole trader: independence, personal service, simplicity. Since they have few legal requirements, sole proprietorships are easy to form and operate. They can also be more affordable since no legal documents need to be filed in most cases. Basically, all one has to do to form a sole proprietorship is get a business license and begin operations. Although the sole proprietorship does have the advantage of simplicity, the negatives can turn entrepreneurs away from this form of business association. The disadvantages of a sole proprietorship stem from its very nature the business and the business owner are undividable. This leads to three potential problems. First, owners can lose some beneficial tax-free perimeter benefits because they cannot participate in company-funded employee benefit plans like medical insurance and retirement plans. Second, since the owner and the business are inseparable, whoever sues the business actually sues the owner. The owners personal exposure is unlimited. Finally, the business owner is personally liable for the debts of the company, and unfortunately, personal assets can be taken to pay company obligations. Partnership: A partnership is a group of individuals working together in business with a view to making a profit. It is similar to a sole trader but has two or more owners. Like the sole trader, the partnership is not a separate legal entity from its owners. Unlike the sole trader, however, the partnership can hold property and incur debt in its name. A partnership is easy to establish and involves two or more people running a business together. The partners are the business. Examples of partnerships include group of doctors, dentists, accountants and solicitors. A partnership does not have to be registered any where but it is often advisable for partners to have a partnership agreement drawn up by a solicitor. This will state what capital. Limited Company: A limited company is a separate legal entity, owned by shareholders and run by directors. A limited company is quite different from a sole trader in that it has a legal identity separate from its owner. The owners the shareholders- are not personally liable for the companys debts, but can be made so if they are asked by a lender to provide security. A limited company must be registered at Companies house. An annual return and financial statements must be sent each year to Companys House by company. The rules for running the company must be set out in the Memorandum and Articles of Association, a copy of which must also be sent to Companies House. There is must paper work involved in establishing and running a limited company. Task B Requirements Term Explanation Building and fixtures Long term It can be purchased by mortgage loan. Office Vehicle Mid tern It could be financed by commercial bank or bond. Security System Mid term Leasing and hire purchase should be suitable for it. Payroll Expense (year 1) Mid term Bank loan is a option. Marketing expense Short tern/ midterm Office Stationary Short term From personal savings. Printing and Publications Short term It can be financed by trade credit. Sources of Finance Depending on the date of maturity, sources of finance can be clubbed into the following: Long-term sources of finance: Long-term financing could be raised from the following sources: Share capital or else equity share Preference shares Retained earnings Debentures/Bonds of different types Loans from financial institutions Loan from financial firm Loans from commercialÂÂ  banks Venture capital funding Asset securitization Medium-term sources of finance: Medium-term financing can be raised from the following sources: Preference shares Debentures/bonds Public deposits/fixed deposits Commercial banks Financial institutions Financial corporations Lease financing / hire purchaseÂÂ  financing External commercial borrowings Foreign currency bonds ÂÂ  Short term sources of finance: Short-term financing can be raised from the following sources: Trade credit Commercial banks Fixed deposits for a period of 1 year or less Advances received from customers Various short-term provisions Task C DEBT EQUITY None Hire-Purchase Mortgage Loan Leasing Bonds and debenture Invoice factoring Share capital Retained earnings Personal savings Cash management Invoice discounting Debt- These are cost where interest forms of payment is paid. Equity- These cost are paid from the part of profit or income. Chapter-2- Assess the implications of different sources of finance. Task D There are a number of ways of buying these things. The business might go to the bank for a loan, arrange some sort of finance deal with the supplier, use cash they have in the business or arrange a lease option. A lease effectively means that the business is paying for the use of a product but do not own it. Also it is called hiring. A lease contract on a van, for example, might mean that the firm pays out 350 per month for a three year lease. At the end of the three years the vehicle returns to the owner. Lease agreements can be of benefit to the firm for the following reasons: It can be cheaper to organize a lease rather than having to buy apparatus outright Leases can be very flexible equipment might only be needed for a short time or for a particular development and so does not warrant being bought outright. The company that owns the equipment, machines or vehicles is liable for the maintenance and this can help decrease costs for the business. The payments made are usually fixed and will not therefore change as interest rates change. This helps business plan more effectively. (Reference from www.bized.co.uk ) Before taking any lease we should conform how long do we plan to stay? And we must know the rules and regulation of leasing party. And do there demands match with my requirements and ability. Task E FactoringÂÂ  is aÂÂ  financial transactionÂÂ  whereby a business sells itsÂÂ  accounts receivableÂÂ  to a third party at aÂÂ  discountÂÂ  in exchange for immediate money with which to finance continued business. Also it is taken when there is a massive amount of sales is done on credit. It is generally used by businesses to progress cash flow butÂÂ  canÂÂ  also be used to shrink administration overheads.ÂÂ  Business that provides this service is called factors or debt factoring companies. Invoice discounting is another way of drawing money against your invoices. However, your business retains control over the administration of your sales ledger. As well as providing finance,ÂÂ  it offers important support services and credit insurance. Factoring provides a fastÂÂ  forestallmentÂÂ  against your sales ledger. It allows you, at a cost, to flexibly increase your working capital and improve cash flow. FactoringÂÂ  is offered to businesses trading with other businesses on credit terms.ÂÂ  It is not usually available to retailers or to cash traders. Factors requirements differ, so what follow is an indication and not a firm list. We may find a matter even if the following features not met. Johns business may be suitable for factoring if it has: An annual turnover of at least 50,000 although some factors will consider start-ups and smaller businesses Business should have more than just a few customers. No single customer accounts for more than about a third of turnover. Customers that allow the standard payment terms for the industry. Customers that agree to a reasonable period of credit. (Reference from www.businesslink.gov.uk ) Task F Trade credit is an arrangement to buy goods or services on account that is without making immediate cash payment. In other words, trade credit is Buy now, pay later. For many businesses, trade credit is a crucial tool for financing growth. Trade credit is the credit extended to you by suppliers who let you buy at this instant and pay later. Any time you take delivery of materials, equipment or other valuables without paying cash on the spot, youre using trade credit. We can acquire materials very fast by trade credit. Most of the time paying duration is very shorter than bank loans. When we are first starting our business, however, suppliers most likely arent going to offer trade credit. They are going to desire to make every order c.o.d. (cash or check on delivery) or paid by credit card in advance until we have established that we can pay our bills on time. While this is a fairly regular practice, we can still try and negotiate trade credit with suppliers. One of the things that will help us in these negotiations is a properly prepared financial plan. So Mr. John Caird could buy security system, stationeries and printings by trade credit. Task G If Mr. John Caird wants to issue share capital or bond/ debenture to increase more fund for his organization he should start limited company. Limited companies are the largest form of business enterprise. Finance is provided by individuals and financial institution- such as pension funds and unit trust managers- buying shares in the company. The way the investment is made will depend on the size of the company. Limited companies, like sole trader and partnerships need finance for long-term purposes. They may also need finance for the acquisition of other companies and business. Also limited company must follow the rules of the Memorandum and Articles of Association. There are the differences of issuing share capital and bond debenture. Issuing Shares Bonds/Debentures Type of Finance Equity Debt Cost High Relatively much lower Risk Low or no risks High Bonds and Debentures are debt instruments. The Company issues the Bond or Debenture as the case may give details of the interest to be paid and the period of the loan, and how the loan will be repaid. When we buy any bond or debenture we become a creditor to the company. Share is equity participation in the Company. When we buy a share, we become a shareholder of the company. The company will pay us dividend on the shares. To issue a share / bond / debenture, the company must be registered and must have the necessary minimum capital. Chapter-3- Select appropriate sources of finance for a business project Task H If John Caird is interested to start sole-proprietorship form of business then he should finance the following requirements:| Building and fixtures: This need long term finance. In my opinion Mr. John can go for leasing buildings and fixtures. Although there are no ownership but he can reduce finance cost. He has limited capital thats why it can be risky to buy buildings and fixtures. And when Johns business will run well he could purchase buildings and fixtures. Office Vehicle: It will better to buy on mid term loan, as means of paying it by instalments. Security system: Mid term finance is suitable for security system, because every year new and better security systems are updating. So John could go for mid term financing like- leasing. Payroll Expense (year 1): it can be financed by short term finance like-loans from commercial bank or personal savings. Marketing expense: It must be go to the short term loan. Because marketing expense vary on situation and factors. Also marketing policy changes dramatically. Office Stationary: John Caird can buy office stationary by hire purchasing. This will be best for him. Printing and Publications: Printing and publication should be financed by short term form. John can use trade credit or advances received from customer. Task I Cairn Energy illustrated that their Property, Plant Equipment- Development/Producing assets has increased from $1,119.6m in 2008 to $1,828.6m in 2009. And theres something in balance sheet called share premium which is 30 times larger than Called up share capital. Called up share capital- Called up share capital is the money required to be paid by the share holders immediately. Share premium- Share premium is the value which is set above the face value (the increased amount). Excess amount received by a firm over the par value of its shares. This amount forms a part of the non-distributable reserves of the firm which usually can be used only for purposes specified under corporate legislation. Task J EPS stands for earnings per share. The portion of a companys profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.ÂÂ  Earnings per shareÂÂ  serve as an indicator ofÂÂ  a companysprofitability. Calculated as: When calculating, it is more accurate to use aÂÂ  weighted average number of shares outstanding over the reporting term, because theÂÂ  number of shares outstanding can change over time. However, data sourcesÂÂ  sometimes simplify the calculationÂÂ  by using the number of shares outstanding at the end of the period.( https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/eps.asp) Diluted EPSÂÂ  expands on basic EPS by including the shares ofÂÂ  convertibles or warrants outstanding in the outstanding shares number.ÂÂ   Dilution: A reduction in earnings per share of common stock thatÂÂ  occurs through the issuance of additional shares or the conversion of convertible securities. Diluted EPS: AÂÂ  performance metric used to gauge the quality of a companys earnings per share (EPS) if all convertible securities were exercised. Convertible securities refer to all outstanding convertible preferred shares, convertible debentures, stock options (primarily employee based) and warrants. Unless the company has no additional potential shares outstanding (aÂÂ  relatively rare circumstance) the diluted EPS will always be lower than the simple EPS. ( Reference by Principles of managerial finance, Tenth edition, Lawrence J Gitman.) Conclusion: From three chapters we could know the way how to finance of a company. In my opinion, to established Mr. John Caird Company he should follow this steps. Otherwise the unnecessary steps can increase and he may fall in nuisance.

Global Warming Happened by Human Activities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 993 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? The oldest and thickest sea ice in the Arctic has begun to split, even in the waters of northern Greenland in the summer (Watts, 2018). People often hear the recent problem of melting ice in the Arctic and the Arctic, and polar bears are extinct. In recent years, the phenomenon of global warming has become more and more obvious. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Warming Happened by Human Activities" essay for you Create order The main cause of global warming is that humans have used fossil fuels in the past century and emitted a large number of greenhouse gases such as CO2, which cause global warming. There are abnormalities in the climate around the country, including the dissolution of bipolar glaciers and rising sea levels. The hazards of warming range from natural disasters to biological chain break, involving all aspects of human survival. Global warming makes climate change. Therefore, people should pay more attention to the issue of global warming and overcome the problem by reducing carbon emission. Some people believe that one person’s effort not enough. However, it must also be recognized that we all have the responsibility to save our planet. Although many people claim that it is too much work to do, one can also argue that it is very easy to turn off lights when we leave. Other also says that eating meat is part of my diet, but it is a truth that it is healthier to eat vegetables. Some people believe increasing the living space of human beings, as the temperature rises, the sub-polar regions may be more suitable for human habitation. However, rising temperatures will cause the glaciers to melt and the sea level rise, indirectly reducing the living space of polar bears, making polar bears extinct. Global warming happened by human activities, and there are many impacts by global warming. Most of the climate scientists agreed that human expansion of the greenhouse effect seemed to be the prime reason for the current global warming (Shankman Horn, 2017). According to National Geographic (n.d.), global temperature increases include changes in sea level and rainfall and snowfall in terms of volume and pattern. These changes may prompt severe weather events to be stronger and more frequent, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Many species have been impacted by rising temperatures. For example, researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adà ©lie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years. The sea level has been rising more quickly over the previous century. Hurricane will become more intense, and as the climate continues to warm, hurricane-related storm intensity and rainfall ra tes are expected to increase. Temperatures will continue to rise, and as the warming caused by humans is superimposed on the naturally changing climate, the rise in temperature throughout the country or over time is not uniform or stable (NASA, n.d.). Human beings are the prime cause of global warming, and global warming has many negative effects on people. People should reduce carbon emissions from their daily life. For example, reducing water waste is one method. Saving water can also reduce carbon pollution. Thats because pumping, heating and treating water requires a lot of energy. Therefore, try to take a shorter shower. Another method is to unplug. The outlet in your home may power approximately 65 different devices, while other electronic devices consume energy even when not charging. Eating more vegetables instead of eating meat. Consume less meat, especially beef. Food accounts for a significant part of our emissions. If you want to cut here, your best bet is to reduce your meat consumption, especially beef. This is because one pound of beef emits 18 times more than a pound of pasta. A family of four decided to cut meat intake by half and reduce emissions by about 3 tons per year (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2013). According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (2017) the US Environmental Protection Agency estimates t hat if only one in every 100 US households uses water-saving devices to renovate, it will save about 100 million kWh of electricity per year avoiding 80,000 tons of global warming pollution. The â€Å"idle load† of all American households adds up to the output of 50 large power plants in the United States. So, people do not plug a fully charged device into a socket in their home and unplug a device that they rarely use. Reducing carbon emissions can slow global warming, and people can start to reduce carbon emissions from their daily life. People can enjoy a healthful living environment if they can protect the Earth. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow global warming. Reduce waste of resources and increase opportunities for next-generation use of resources. Establish a healthful, comfortable and safe living environment. Increase the life of the earth and people. Otherwise, by 2100, sea levels will increase by 1 to 4 feet. This is due to the increased amount of water that melts the land ice and seawater as it warms. In the next few decades, storm surges and climax may be combined with sea level rise and land subsidence, further increasing flooding in many areas. If we do not pay attention to the problem of global warming, the global temperature will continue to rise, accelerating the melting of glaciers, leading to sea level rise, and finally may inundate some low-lying countries (NASA, n.d.). Reducing carbon emissions, slow global warming not merely protects the planet but also beneficial to human development. People should pay more attention to the issue of global warming and reduce carbon emissions from now on. Global warming will cause glaciers to melt sea level rise, flooding countries in low-lying areas, rising temperatures, and getting worse and worse. If people reduce carbon emissions from now on, they can slow down the problem of global warming and minimize the impact of global warming on them. People should reduce water waste, consume less meat, unplug the outlet and turn off lights when they leave, etc. They should complete these from now on to save the planet.

The Financial Crisis Of 2008 - 1174 Words

During the financial crisis of 2008, the biggest Ponzi scheme in history was uncovered. It was run by Bernard Madoff and encompassed roughly $65 billion (Ferrell, 2009). Madoff first entered the investment business in 1960 when he started his own company, Madoff Securities (Ferrell, 2009). As his business grew, Madoffbegan employing some of his family members: Peter, Madoff’s brother, joined the firm and helped set it apart from the competition by introducing modern technology. Other family members to join were Madoff’s wife, Ruth; Peter’s niece, Shana; and both Madoff’s sons, Mark and Andrew (Ferrell, 2009). Madoff’sbusiness was flourishing, trading billions of dollars of investors’ money, establishing Madoff as a credible and respected figure on Wall Street. Madoff expanded his influence and reputation by serving as the chairman of NASDAQ for three years in the early 1990s (Ferrell, 2009). It is assumed that the beginning profits ofMadoffâ €™s business were legitimate earnings and not based on fraud. The Ponzi scheme is estimated to have started around 1990, in order to keep up with the high 10-12% return on investments that he promised to his clients (Ferrell, 2009). Madoff’s investors were affluent, prestigious and very intelligent and they trusted him with their money. Throughout the course of the fraud, Madoff was investigated numerous times by the SEC, without any findings or actions taken. There were many individuals who suspected Madoff was running a Ponzi scheme, theShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis Of 20081384 Words   |  6 PagesThe turmoil in the financial markets also known as the financial crisis of 2008 was considered the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Many areas of the United States suffered. The housing market plummeted and as a result of that, many evictions occurred, as well as foreclosures and unemployment. Leading up to the financial crash, most of the money that was made by investors was based on people speculating on investments like real estate, stocks, debt buying, and complex investmentRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081747 Words   |  7 PagesThe economic crisis of 2008 was one for the ages, it changed the world of investing forever. That year, the stock market crashed, bank failures and the infamous wall street bailout that can all be traced back to the subprime mortgage crisis.. The 2008 economic crisis rocked the global economy for the worst, and to this day the United States is trying to recover from the impact that the crisis had. In order to understand why exactly the banks failed people have to understand the subprime mortgageRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081817 Words   |  8 PagesThe financial crisis of 2008 did not arise by chance. The meltdown was precipitated by systematic striping away of the New Deal era policies of bank regulation. Most notable of these deregulatory acts was that of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999. This bill repealed the legislation which held commercial banks and investment banks separate. As the beginning of the 21 century approached many bankers clamored for an end to the policy of the â€Å"firewall† between Investment and commercial banks. Gramm-Leach-BlileyRead MoreFinancial Crisis 20085972 Words   |  24 PagesCORPORATE FINANCE THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS 2008 Group’s member:Nguyá »â€¦n NhÆ ° Nam (C)Phan Thu AnNguyá »â€¦n Thà ¹y DungHoà  ng Bà ¡ SÆ ¡nNgà ´ Thá »â€¹ à nh Tuyá º ¿tDate: 28/11/2014 | AbstractIn 2008 the world was fell into the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1929-1933. Although this crisis has gone, however, its consequences for the economy of many countries is very serious, even now many nations are still struggling to escape difficulty. Just in a short period, the crisis originating from AmericaRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay2044 Words   |  9 PagesThe 2008 financial meltdown resulted in the most treacherous investment landscape observed since the great depression. The most notorious issue was the subprime mortgage crisis, which had a ripple effect felt through every market in the world. The banks, whose leverage rate should never have been higher than two times capitalization, surged as high as thirty to forty times market cap. With this level of exposure, any unforeseen market fluctuations could mean disaster. Lehman Brothers, the oldestRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081125 Words   |  5 PagesA mortgage meltdown and financial crisis of unbelievable magnitude was brewing and very few people, including politicians, the media, and the poor unsuspecting mortgage borrowers anticipated the ramifications that were about to occur. The financial crisis of 2008 was the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression; ultimately coalescing into the largest bankruptcies in world history--approximately 30 million people lost their jobs, trillions of dollars in wealth diminished, and millions ofRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081689 Words   |  7 PagesOur society seems to doing well since the financial crisis of 2008. The country is recovering from the Great Recession, unemployment is down and the global domestic product is up. People have jobs and are paying taxes. President Obama lowered our budget deficit and promised to make healthcare more available to all. On average, America is well on its way to recovery. But what about the people that slipped through the cracks of the financial stimulus pl an? These are the people that lost their jobsRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay2553 Words   |  11 PagesWhen you think of the 2008 financial crisis that affected not just the US economy, but the world as a whole, most average middle-class Americans won’t really know what triggered this economic disaster. Most will probably blame, and rightfully so, those large corporations on Wall Street. These corporations, which deal with insanely large amounts of money, will always be wary of their stocks decreasing. But they also know that 99% of the time, everything will go back to normal in the future. What theyRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20082083 Words   |  9 PagesEver since the economic virus called â€Å"negative interest rates† scattered over European and later Japanese banks, our economic system has been the most unstable since the financial crisis of 2008. The virus, negative interest rates, is a concept in which the central bank charges interest in bor rowing money and holding an account. It was brought forth in efforts to increase economic growth by giving commercial banks a tax on the large amount of reserves they hold in the bank. In other words, commercialRead MoreFinancial Crisis of 20081794 Words   |  8 PagesThe Financial Crisis of 2008 was the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, however a lot of American’s want tougher law of be enforced against executives and companies they think started the mess (Jost/Misconduct). Civil charges have been brought up against major banks for misleading investors, but a federal judge rejected a proposed settlement saying it was too lenient (Jost/Misconduct). The flood of subprime mortgages roiling the housing market in the U.S. is also causing the worldwide

Human resource TOPIC Discuss the extent it would be worthwhile

Essays on Human resource TOPIC: Discuss the extent it would be worthwhile performing job analysis on complex and senior job roles Outline Job analysis on complex and senior job roles al affiliation Job analysis on complex and senior job roles This essay shall aim at giving the definition of job analysis and the importance of conducting job analysis on complex and senior job roles. According to Pynes (2008) job analysis is the practice whereby job descriptions as well as the requirements of a particular job are put into perspective. To conduct successful job analysis, it is vital that data on various jobs are collected and analyzed. Analysis of leadership capacity among senior officials has indicated to be an uphill task for many officials in the organizations. It is in light to this argument that, a myriad of assessment tools have been devised over the years. The introduction of the essay shall commence with a debate on the importance of carrying out job analysis in the workplace. In this case, it is vital that prior to carrying out job analysis, companies must always guarantee that prior to recruiting employees, definition and articulation of job requirements is properly done. Focus shall also be shifted on ensuring that, the parties concerned with hiring are keen to ensure that the organization is in a much better position to establish if the new executives are well informed on their tasks as employees. The introduction shall also confer whether the work of executives is really quantifiable. The body of the essay revolves around questions of whether job analysis of senior positions is really worth and applicable to the contemporary workplaces. The purposes of job analysis will also be discussed which are inclusive of the fact that job analysis is vital for making decisions regarding the training needs of the employees. This can be done through coming up contents that need to be assessed and what methodologies can be applied to come up with the best forms of training in the organizations. In this case, the employers are also able to devise the equipment that would allow for effective training in the workplace. Secondly, job analysis is a good basis on which compensation of employees would be possible in the workplace, through description of what would happen in the case of deviating from the job responsibilities or exposure to hazards in the workplace. Additionally, job analysis is useful for selecting specific roles an individual should perform, the salary levels, evaluate the employees as well as devise the best evaluation strategies. Finally, job analysis is useful for identification of the objectives of the job, setting the evaluation criteria, and what aspects should evaluated, so as to assess if the employees are on the right track. This concept shall be linked to organizations that are keen to assess the performance of its employees and weigh if the employees are fit enough for their jobs. The leaders are also assessed on their ability to lead their organizations and impart a change on the existing systems. This is only possible through job analysis of the employees selected for the senior positions in then organization. Secondly, the body of the essay shall draw attention to the concept of job analysis by focusing on the probability to quantify the kind of jobs in an organization. This is to mean that, there is a possibility that evaluation on top jobs can only be done through job analysis. Focus on the developments that have taken place in the field and the benefits of job analysis, will also be scrutinized. However, in as many developments have occurred through job analysis, it is imperative that employees follow strictly the aspects of job analysis, not on the employees but the jobs. Job analysis can only be possible if the entire system is designed in such a way that it is good enough to provide applicable outcomes a good portion of the time. Werner, Schuler Jackson (2011, pp.151) indicate that massive changes have been indicated in terms of job analysis through an expansion of the field of psychological and attitudinal testing. In this line to this argument, the body shall endeavor to highlight the strengths of job analysis. With time, Human resource managers seem to embrace a philosophy that every worker can be assessed and that every job can be quantified. Many companies embraced the assessment of employees at the highest levels, promoting the idea that executives should not be subject to such demeaning treatment (Kossen Drafke, 2002). This means that it would not be worthwhile performing job analysis on complex and senior job roles. However, the question of how human resource persons measure, what they could not see, define, or even articulate is of great concern. Lastly, the body shall focus on the viability of human resource tools in measuring senior level capacity, such as questionnaires and interviews on employees. Accuracy cannot be jeopardized in the case of job analysis, and as Zaccaro, et al. (2006, pp. 140) indicates, selection of the analysis of jobs must be based on well thought- of ideas and that the executive leaders cannot be assessed on the confines of job analysis of a particular measure, as the entire concept is too broad. On a brief overview, job analysis can only be possible through imposition of an objective means of assessment. In as much job analysis has been linked with the ability to assess senior and complex roles of senior officials, all the niches must be filled to come up with the best assessment model. The conclusion shall be based on the fact that it is important that the human resource officials come up with the best model for job analysis, as the current systems are associated with a lot of errors. This is backed up with the comprehensive research done regarding the topic. Job analysis of the senior role in an organization is beneficial (Hogan Kaiser, 2008, pp.22). This is for the reason that, selection of the best candidates is done with minimal errors and favoritism. References Hogan, R., Kaiser, R. B. (2008) Learning a lesson in executive selection. Leadership in Action, 27, 22-24. Kossen, S. Drafke, M. (2002). The human side of organizations. New York: Prentice Hall. Pynes, J. (2008). Human resources management for public and nonprofit organizations: a strategic approach. New York: John Wiley Sons. Werner, S., Schuler, R. Jackson, S. (2011) Managing Human Resources. London: Cengage Learning. Zagorsek, H., Stough, S. J., Jaklic, M. (2006) Analysis of the reliability of the leadership practices inventory in the item response theory framework. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 14, 180-191.

Gender Roles Have A Change Over Time - 1318 Words

Throughout history, gender roles have been the foundation that determines the course of a civilization. These gender roles have undergone a change over time. It is important for every society to re-evaluate its preconceived ideas of gender and determine if that is still the norm for their society. When people think of gender roles we typically have set stereotypes in our head of what that means. Much of the time, what we believe, is not what is actually true. It is often argued what is right and what is wrong. The gender of a person is the masculine or feminine attributes of that individual with respect to the psychological and biological role in society. (Magar, 2009) A gender role can be defined as the way that a person lives in society with respect to its lifestyle. It can be argued that over time the major differences between men and women’s gender roles have faded. In the past traditional roles have been based in their society by their biological orientation. (Magar, 2009) Gender roles can also be described as the behavior and attitudes that are expected of men and women in a society. (Faqs.org, 2011) Although different cultures impose different expectations, many cultures have the same basic gender roles. By the time we are 15 months old, we can already begin to establish gender behavior ourselves. (Gender Roles and Gender Differences. n.d.) This is an early and very important developmental time in our lives. What happens can mean a lot to how we perceive the worldShow MoreRelatedDoes Gender Role Norms Affect Behavior?1698 Words   |  7 PagesIn early childhood, children have already developed clearly defined ideas of what constitutes appropriate behavior for men and women (Blackmore, 2003; Mahalik et al., 2005). These ideas, called â€Å"gender role norms,† affect the way people believe they are supposed to act, think, and even feel depending on their sex (Mahalik et al., 2005). These norms can be learned through simple observation, such as how children of different sexes act in television commercials and what behaviors are reinforced byRead MoreGender Roles And Expectations Of Men And Women1009 Words   |  5 Pageshas been a trend of shift in roles and expectations of men and women. The shift was dynamic in the latter half of the twentieth century. World had been made a great stride in acquiring and adapting to the new definition of gender roles. These changes can be seen in the fields of education, media, economics as well as many other things. The reason for the change is a rapid increase in the number of women at workplaces-worldwide. Unlikely, this wave of change is not limited to developingRead MoreGender Equality1474 Words   |  6 PagesGender Equality Women have faced major discrimination when it comes to work and sometimes in education. Women decades ago had a wide range of opportunities denied to them due to their sex. Women have always been looked upon as the weaker sex and men as stronger and as the rulers. Women years ago were not seen as individuals, they were basically their husband’s slaves. Women were the ones to stay home, make dinner for their cranky and tired husband, look after their children, clean the house andRead MoreGender Roles in Vietnam761 Words   |  4 PagesChange, continuity and gender roles in Vietnam In detail, discuss how the gender roles of women and men in Vietnam have changed and continued over time and the causes of these changes. In addition outline how these changing gender roles have affected the status of both men and women in Vietnam. Vietnam is a country where gender roles are undergoing vast changes, especially the women’s status in the public spheres, which includes their educational attainment, earnings, occupational status, jobRead MoreGender Inequality Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality In The Home Remains An Issue In Family Life. Gender inqualities often stem from social structures that have instiutionalized conceptions of gender differences. Gender inequality has been around for centuries. In many family homes, their lives evolve around gender roles. The responibilties in the family are allocated to their sex (gender). There are certain tasks which are usually allocated to males and females. Some see this division as biologolical differences between theRead MoreGender Roles Of The Indian Society1344 Words   |  6 Pagesus. In this process, families are introduced to certain roles that are characteristically connected to their birth sex. The term gender role refers to society s concept of how men and women are projected to behave. These roles are typically founded on customs or standards, fashioned and often enforced by society. In many cultures such as in the United States, male roles are usually related with power, and governance, while female roles are usually associated with passivity, fostering, and subordinationRead MoreThe Confusion Of Today s Culture1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe confusion in today’s c ulture about â€Å"roles† in marriage compels us to understand what unique responsibilities various cultures assign to a wife. With this, many cultures place a special emphasis on the headship granted to the husband and the role of subordination belonging to the wife. In various places, men have authority over their wives, in law and in practice. Modern values such as gender equality may be at odds with some traditions, one example being a traditional jewish marriage, which isRead MoreFor The Majority Of People, It Is Understood Before High1032 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstood before high school what the difference between sex and gender is. Sex refers to the biological differences at birth amongst males and females, but in today’s society the definition of gender is not so black and white. While the dictionary still incorrectly defines gender as, â€Å"the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles† the current meaning and pr oper definition of the word gender has evolved (†Gender†). Breaking free from the constraints placed by society andRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Women1662 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Roles â€Å"Gender is the costume, a mask, a straightjacket in which men and women dance their unequal dance† (Kearl). Throughout history, women have been treated with unequal and unjust standards in comparison to their male counterparts. This paper will discuss gender roles in society and the stereotypes placed on men and women. As well as gender role development and the different influences that lead to these roles and stereotypes. Also, it will outline the history and progress of women’sRead MoreInterpreting Gender Roles, By Jeffrey Eugenides Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesInterpreting Gender Roles The concept of gender roles is a system that has been created and enforced by tradition. Society has discovered a way to categorize and condemn those who do not fit or pertain to the characteristics of their gender. In Middlesex, a novel written by Jeffrey Eugenides, characters dilute the idea of being predisposed to gender roles by challenging them and generating the idea of â€Å"loosely defined† gender superiority in the era of the American Revolution. The American Revolution

Walmart Company Free Essays

Walmart Financial Analysis Prepared for Becca Leland BIJSN 5600, Accounting Theory and Practice Fall 1, 2013 Webster University 1 November 2013 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. operates approximately 11,047 retail units under 69 banners in 27 countries. It has three segments: The Wal-Mart Stores, The Sam’s Club, and International. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Wal-Mart Stores segment includes 4,759 Discount Stores, Supercenters, and Neighborhood Markets in the United States, as well as Walmart. om. It offers apparel for women, girls, men, boys, and infants; domestics, fabrics, and notions; stationery and books; shoes; housewares; hardware; electronics; ome furnishings; small appliances; automotive accessories; horticulture and accessories; sporting goods; toys; pet food and accessories; cameras and supplies; health and beauty aids; pharmaceuticals; Jewelry; and optical, as well as photo processing services. The Neighborhood Markets include dry grocery, meat, produce, deli, bakery, dairy, frozen foods, pharmaceuticals, photo processing, health and beauty aids, household chemicals, paper goods, general merchandise, and pet supplies departments. The Sam’s Club segment includes 624 stores and comprises the warehouse membership clubs in the United States and samsclub. om. It offers hard-goods, soft-goods, software, electronics, Jewelry, sporting goods, toys, tires, stationery and books, institutional-size grocery items, and selected private labels. The International segment operates 6,288 various retail formats in countries to include Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Mexico, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. This segment operated 261 Canadian Wal-Mart stores and SAM’s Clubs, 11 units in Argentina, 150 units in Brazil, 88 units in Germany, 16 units in South Korea, 697 units in Mexico, 54 units in Puerto Rico, and 292 units in the United Kingdom, as well as 48 units in China under Joint venture agreements. The company was incorporated in 1969 and is based in Bentonville, Arkansas. Walmart employs 2. 2 million associates/employees around the world to include 1. million in the United States alone. Although there are many opportunities, numerous employment opportunities exist in the Accounting arena. Walmart has Finance and Accounting departments impacting business and communities in all 27 countries, under 69 different banners and in every corner of the business, from Enterprise Risk Management to Sustaina bility. For instance, Global Shared Services aggregates and streamlines much of the financial and payroll services for Sam’s Club and Walmart in North America, while Global Internal Audit helps ensure each store operates in the most cost-efficient way. These are Just a few of the many groups within Accounting Finance, each responsible for vital services that impact the entire company. Projects range from determining the financial impact of mergers and acquisitions to estimating the effect on business when a hurricane hits. Every decision is driven by the mission to save people money and help them live better. The responsibility xtends beyond retail and corporate officials make decisions in partnership with each other. Accounting Finance is composed of these departments: Accounting, Corporate Corporate Tax (International Domestic) Treasury Investor Relations Finance and Planning Walmart U. S. , Walmart. com International Finance Sam’s Finance Corporate Strategy Global Shared Services Balance Sheet Assets: Cash and Cash Equivalents – Pertain to liquid assets found on the balance sheet. In essence, cash equivalents can be converted into cash and include commercial paper, treasury bill, money market holdings and short term government bonds. Walmart reported nearly $7. billion in cash and cash equivalents for fiscal year ending January 31, 2013. Of the $7. 8 billion, surprisingly, $5. 2 billion were held outside of the United States in support of foreign operations. All non-cash transactions due from various banks amounted to $1. 3 billion. Additionally, Walmart had $715 million in restricted cash in addition to another $876 million of cash that remains abroad and may not be easily tra nsferred to the United States because of local laws. Short Term Investments – Walmart did not report any Short term investments and have not or the previous three years. Receivables – Money that others owe the company. Account receivables are the amounts that a company has a right to collect because it sold goods or services on credit to a customer. Walmart had a variety of receivables for year ending January 31 , 2013 that included insurance companies resulting from pharmacy sales, bank transfers that took in excess of seven days to process, suppliers for marketing or incentive programs and real estate transactions. Its net receivables amounted to nearly $6. 8 billion that included $1. 2 billion from consumer credit roducts alone. Just to name a few, Walmart has the Walmart in-store credit card, Walmart Discover, Sam’s Club in-store credit card and the Sam’s Club Discover card. Internal Controls – designed to help an organization accomplish specific goals and mostly importantly, in laymen’s terms, â€Å"keep everyone honest † . Walmart used t criteria set forth by â€Å"COSO† Internal Control Integrated Framework. This framework primarily evaluates the achievements of objectives in the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, reliability of financial reporting and compliance with laws and regulations. For the year ending January 31, 2013, Walmart’s financial reporting was audited by Ernst and Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. Sarbanes-Oxley Act – In July 2002, a corporate reform bill was passed into United States Federal law by the U. S. Senate and the U. S. House of Representatives. This legislation introduced new and amended ethical standards regarding financial practice and corporate governance for all publicly traded U. S. companies, as well as for management and accounting organizations. U. S. Senator Paul Sarbanes and U. S. Representative Michael G. Oxley spearheaded the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act. Just three years, after the bill was passed, in September 2005, a former CEO from Wal- Mart de Mexico sent an email to a high ranking Walmart lawyer that referenced how Wal-Mart de Mexico had bribed foreign officials to expedite permits in an effort to win market control in Mexico. This opened up a formal internal investigation by Walmart that found documentation implicating that the Wal-Mart de Mexico executives knew about the bribes and took measures to conceal them as well. The case was later dismissed. In August 2012, SOX violations resurfaced with Walmart. This time, two U. S. congressmen claimed that they received internal documentation that outlined possible illegal activities that involved tax evasion and money laundering in Mexico. Their concerns were expressed in a letter to Michael Duke, the chief executive at Wal-Mart. Inventory Valuation – Walmart values inventories at the lower of cost or market as determined primarily by the retail method of accounting, using the last-in, first-out, â€Å"LIFO†, method for all of the Walmart U. S. segments. Walmart international is valued by the retail method of accounting as well but by using the first-in, first-out, â€Å"FIFO†, method. In contrast, Sam’s Club uses the weighted- average cost using the LIFO method. Total Current Assets for year ending January 31, 2013 were $59. 9 billion. Long Term Investments – Walmart did not report any long term investments and have not for the previous three years. Property, Plant and Equipment – A large portion of Walmart’s assets come from the property, plant and equipment section of the balance sheet. In fact, of the $203 billion in total assets, property, plant and equipment makes up Just over $116 billion which includes $25 billion in land, $90 billion in buildings and improvements, $40 billion in fixtures and quipment, $2 billion in transportation equipment, $5. 9 billion in construction in process and $5. 9 billion in property under capital leases for an approximate property and equipment gross of $171 billion. Walmart uses straight-line depreciation and major improvements were capitalized as leasehold improvements were depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life. Accumulated depreciation and amortization was $55 billion dollars which resulted in a property and equipment net of $116. 6 billion. Intangible Assets / Accumulated Amortization – Walmart did not report any and have not for the previous three years. Goodwill – An account that can be found in the assets portion of a company’s balance sheet. Goodwill can often arise when one company is purchased by another company. Walmart’s goodwill is as a result of the acquisition of 147 Netto stores from Dansk Supermarket in the United Kingdom and to the acquisition ot a 5 % ownership in Massmart, a retailer based in South Africa. Goodwill for this period was $20 billion. Balance Sheet – Liabilities and Equity: Accounts Payable – money owed by a business to its suppliers shown as a liability on a company’s balance sheet. At year ending January 31, 2013, Walmart owed Just over 59 billion to its suppliers that are to be paid compared to $56 billion the previous year. Short current long term debt – this includes the long term debt that must be paid within 12 months. Walmart recorded Just over $12 billion. Total Current Liabilities – Year ending January 31, 2013 = $71. billion Long Term Debt – Financial obligations that last more than one year. Walmart recorded around $41 billion. This accounts for loans that Walmart has with several financial institutions. Deferred Long Term Liability Charges – a collection of future obligations on the balance sheet. These sometimes include employee related expenses such as retirement plans, 401 k plans and workman’s compens ation plans is which Walmart currently has Just over $7. 6 billion. Minority Interest – This represents the amount of stock that is not owned by Walmart. Currently, Just over $5 billion is not owned by Walmart. Common Stock – Walmart primarily issues common stock that represents ownership in the corporation. Currently, there is neither preferred or treasury stock, however for year ending January 31, 2013, there $332 million of stock was outstanding. Current Market Value of Stock – The current market value of Walmart’s stock is currently $74. 79. Through the last 12 months, the trend has been from $67. 37 – $79. 96 which is primarily because of fluctuating sales/wages. Walmart’s stock value has continued to grow over the last 12 months that can be easily contributed to its ability to remain a constant force in the market by providing lower prices, creating Jobs with competitive wages and clearly out-distancing itself from its closest competitor. Dividends – As noted below, Walmart last paid a dividend on September 3, 2013 with the next pay out date of January 2, 2014. Record Date Payable Date March 12, 2013 May 10, 2013 August 9, 2013 December 6, 2013 April 1, 2013 June 3, 2013 September 3, 2013 January 2, 2014 The last dividend paid for year ending January 31, 2013 was paid on December 27, 2012 at $0. 975 per share for a total of $1 1. 3 billion. Income Statement Comparison – Walmart’s income improved from fiscal year 2012 to fiscal year 2013. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. was been able to grow revenues from $447. 08 USD to $469. 28 USD. Most impressively, the company has been able to reduce the percentage of sales devoted to se lling, general and administrative costs from 19. 8% to 18. 94%. This was a driver that led to a bottom line growth from $1 5. 7B USD to $17. 0B USD. Extraordinary gains/losses – Perhaps the most important factor that caused Walmart to increase its profits from 2012 to 2013 was its Non-recurring events. In 2012 alone, Walmart discontinued operations which caused them a loss in excess of $67 million. To its surprise, there was not a lost in year ending January 31, 2013. According to the Management Discussion and Analysis, the present situation it is very much essential that industries need to compare themselves witn the past ears. Analysis of performance ensures the industry get an idea as where they are lagging behind and the short falls which has to be rectified. Walmart has to make progress in improving their performances in the future in order to withstand in the market so that they can compete with the upcoming competitions in the future. Additionally, it has to mainly concentrate to increase the profit rather than increasing the volume of business, so they have to increase their sales and satisfy their customer to withstand in the market. In an attempt to analyze the financial position f the Walmart, it has been revealed that though the turnover of the company increased however the profitability of the company has not increased correspondingly. Overall financial position of the company is satisfactory but however in the long run the company has to take measures to increase its working results in order to keep stay well above its competitors. Financial Statement Analysis: Solvency: Debt to Equity Ratio The company has improved its strength by increasing the working funds. The company should explore the possibility of reducing the operating expenses to increase its profit. Walmart should also take urgent steps to reduce the debtors so as to increase its working capital position. The company should also take steps to reduce the current liabilities and the overall liabilities position. Profitability: It should take steps to increase its working capital base. The company should take steps to make use of the surplus funds in a profitable manner. Efforts must be put in increasing net profit. It is necessary to take steps in improving the growth rating. Competition – Perhaps Walmart’s greatest competitor is target. However, Walmart ontinues to prove itself as the world’s leading retailer. In comparison to Target, its market cap was at $243. 8 billion while target was at $40. 04 billion. Additionally, Walmart dominated Target in revenue as well. Walmart’s revenue was $473billion while Target earned Just $73. 48 billion which generated a net income of $17. 09 billion for Walmart and $2. 71 billion for Target. In conclusion, Walmart continues to be the leading retailer in the industry. It clearly out-distances its closest competitor, howev er, in order to remain that force, it need to reduce its liabilities. It currently wes suppliers $59 billion. This needs to be reduced significantly. https://finance.yahoo.com/ https://www.stock-analysis-on.net/NYSE/Company/Wal-Mart-Stores-Inc https://www.stock-analysis-on.net/NYSE/Company/Wal-Mart-Stores-Inc/Ratios/Profitability https://www.stock-analysis-on.net/NYSE/Company/Wal-Mart-Stores-Inc/Ratios/Liquidity https://s2.q4cdn.com/056532643/files/doc_financials/2013/Annual/2013-annual-report-for-walmart-stores-inc_130221024708579502.pdf http://c46b2bcc0db5865f5a76-91c2ff8eba65983a1c33d367b8503d02.r78.cf2.rackcdn.com/93/a7/ff21a9764702bb5bc8271faacfeb/2012-annual-report-for-walmart-stores-inc_130221023846998881.pdf How to cite Walmart Company, Papers

Leadership Qualities And Theories Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Qualities And Theories. Answer: Introduction Leadership is the way one person supervises and co-ordinates with a group of people to help them accomplish a certain task. Leaders are able to create a supportive environment among group members and motivate them to accomplish goals of the organization (Avolio and Yammarino 2013). The effectiveness of leadership can be measured from outcomes that are desirable like productivity, quality and satisfaction. Leadership is a partnership between the leader and the members of the group. The partnership between the leaders and the group members is balanced when participative decision making is followed. Leaders should focus on building relationships with the group members. Leadership requires sharing of responsibilities between the leader and group members (Bauman 2013). Leadership is positively related to the performance of an organization. Studies have shown that 15-45 % of organizational performance depends on the leaders in an organization. Leaders have important role in decision making . Socrates argued 2500 years ago that leadership is always situational and a leader has qualities and professional competence that is not transferable. But there is another side of the coin: there are certain generic characteristics of leadership which leaders have in common, for instance, a good business leader can also be a good military commander (Bolman and Deal 2017). About Leadership And Theories Related To It Leaders have multiple roles to play. They play the role of a negotiator, coach and motivator, entrepreneur, strategic planner and many more. The effectives of leadership can be measured by characteristics of group members, Characteristics and Traits of leader, behavior and style of leader and internal and external environment (Klenke 2016).The characteristics that can be associated with leadership are Emotional Intelligence and Personality Traits, Cognitive Factors and Intelligence and Leadership Motives and Needs (Northouse 2015)The various motives and needs of leaders are that of Power, sense of achievement, Resilience and Tenacity and Strong work ethic. Both heredity and external environmental factors affect leadership. Leadership styles are the different ways in which a leader influences his followers. There are different leadership styles like the classical autocratic approach and the modern creative, participative approach (Odom 2015).Every leader follows a different way of lea ding and influencing people. The major styles of leadership include autocratic, democratic, transactional, transformational, charismatic and cross-cultural leadership (Bargau 2015). In Autocratic leadership, leaders make the major decisions and formulate the policies, guidelines and procedures and simply communicate the same to the subordinates. The medium of communication is downward and subordinates need to abide by the strict procedures and rules set by the leaders. In democratic leadership style, subordinates are involved in making decisions. This democratic leaders delegate responsibilities to the subordinates and the communication system is both upward and downward (Waqar 2012). Transformational leadership is a unique form of leadership and is all about initiating changes in the organization and groups. The transformation leaders set challenging expectations in front of the subordinates and help them accomplish more than they ever imagined. In Transactional Leadership, the expectations are communicated well to the subordinates, immediate feedback is given and the subordinates are rewarded for their achievements. Charismatic Leaders use their revolutionary power to transform the values and beliefs of the followers (Van Wart 2013). Set Of Questionnaires In order to understand my leadership type, there were a set of questionnaires that was completed in the class. What makes a great leader in 21st century TED talk video was watched and following questions are answered- What is leadership? What leaders do and how they do it? A buddy was found and two questions were discussed- My readiness for a role of leadership and why? What are they key capabilities I have and what are the capabilities that I need to develop? The questionnaires have made me understood the role of leadership in 21st century. In modern days organizations follow a flexible structure with less hierarchy. So, participative leadership styles are encouraged in the organization. I have understood that my key capabilities of leadership are my ability to influence people, act as a coach and motivator, and I demonstrate qualities of a transformational and charismatic leader. The areas I need to develop is delegating responsibilities and exerting control on people. Activities That I Have Undertaken The first activity is about the leadership roles of HR leader in a large corporation. A suspicious package was found in the canteen which was informed by the police. This is a group activity and three actions were developed for each of the roles of leadership. The second activity is about finding out ten things that I personally find satisfying about leadership and the 10 things that I find frustrating about leadership. The third activity is about the type of followers. The followers can be classifies on basis of their engagement level into 5 categories like isolates, bystanders, participants, activists and diehards. It was identified what type of follower I was in class. The fourth activity is about undertaking Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz and Leadership Skill Building Exercise. The fifth activity is about self-reflection journal and the 16PF personality Test. In a group of three or four, implications of results of this personality test on leadership is discussed. The fifth activity is about the orchestra conductor who faces the challenge of leadership of creating harmony without articulating. The sixth activity is about leadership motives. Power, Drive and Achievement, Tenacity and Resilience and work ethic is ranked from 1 to 4 on basis of my aspirations of leadership. I have turned to the next person and explained them my reason of doing so. The seventh activity is about Gender and Leadership. This is a group activity. The article is read and it is discussed how leadership is influenced by gender. The eighth activity is about a reflection of journal. Three questions are answered .What have I learnt about leadership? What has surprised me? How could these learning be applied in workplace? These activities have helped me to understand that hereditary and external influence affect leadership styles. My primary motives of leadership are drive for achievement and work ethic. I am an individual who is self-driven and I believe in maintaining ethics and integrity at workplace. I feel that my type of followers I was is participants. From these activities, I have found out that leadership is about building relationships and motivating the group members. In modern days to be a good leader, I have to demonstrate charismatic qualities and my decisions as a leader will influence the performance of my workplace. The class activities have made me understand that leadership cant be imposed and it is not easy to gain followers. Followers can revolt if they are not satisfied with their leader. The activities have made me realize that I can play the role of a figurehead, coach and motivator and a good team builder as a leader. From this activity, I personally feel that leadership is no t influenced by gender. Though there are examples of women who are great leaders in 21st century in multi-national corporations across the globe, I feel that gender bias do not impact leadership. My Type Of Leadership My type of leadership would be transformational and charismatic leadership. My personality traits of warmth and liveliness will help me to demonstrate the qualities of a charismatic leader. As a Transformational leader, I can create a sense of empowerment among my team members and I can have a huge base of followers. I can encourage entrepreneurial and innovative mindsets among people. From the class activities and questionnaires, I have found out that I can motivate people to achieve more than they actually thought they could achieve. As a transformational leader, I will follow an open model of communication and I will communicate the goals and requirements of a particular task among my team members. It is essential that team members are well aware of the challenges of a task and as a leader, I have the capabilities to support them to overcome the challenges and hurdles of the organizational goals and tasks and motivate my team members to undertake challenging tasks. It is of paramo unt importance to create a sense of empowerment among team members and ensure that they are motivated intrinsically and are self-driven. The charismatic leader transforms the underlying normative orientation that structures specific attitudes. Thus charismatic leadership is not only a sheer behavioral modification but this form of leadership manifests into an internal change within the subordinates. As a charismatic leader, I can be a change agent in an organization. Changes are difficult to embrace, so as a leader I will clearly communicate the changes among my group members. The members of a group might demonstrate resistance to changes. As a leader, it is important for me to communicate to the group members the beneficial effects of changes. I have the ability to work in a competitive environment and I am flexible which will enable me to play the role of a charismatic leader. My ability to create a supportive work environment and my role as a influencer can help me change my group members internally. As my prime motive of leadership is sense of achievement and work ethics, I will be able to create a work environmen t where goals will be achieved and every member of my group will be encouraged to strict to work ethics and integrity. Areas That I Need To Develop The areas that I need to develop are my ability to exert control over group members. Leaders do need to direct the members of the group and set goals for them to increase the performance of group members. I should improve my ability to delegate responsibilities among groups. I should work on my abilities to solve a problem and upgrade my technical skills. My non-technical skills alike verbal and written communication and management skills are great but I do need to work on my technical skills as upgrading the technical skills is mandatory to be a good leader in a competitive work environment. Also leaders often need to negotiate with team members or external stakeholders of an organization. I need to improve on my negotiation skills in order to be effective as a good leader .It is of prime importance as a leader to negotiate with members of society and government to protect the interests of internal stakeholder of a company. I would also like to build up my communication skill by und ertaking more language courses. In the global environment, organizations perform in a cross-cultural environment. Thus to be a leader in the fast paced competitive global environment, I must be an effective communicator. Learning multiple languages will enable me to play leadership roles in global multi-cultural work environment. I should also be able to remove stereotypes based on culture and language. Developing tolerance for every culture will enable me to be an effective leader in the global work environment. I should be able to demonstrate leadership qualities in a cross-cultural group. Conclusion I can conclude from the self-reflective essay that I demonstrate the qualities of a supportive leader. Charismatic and transformational leadership are my leadership styles. As a leader, I prefer to follow participative decision making by carefully drawing inference from the viewpoint of group members. I strongly feel that hierarchical structure cant be effective in increasing workplace productivity. So in my leadership style, I prefer to implement a flexible work structure that will foster innovation and creativity among my group members. It is of prime importance to follow an open communication model which involves both forward and backward communication to be an effective leader. I have demonstrated qualities of a good communicator in the group activities that were undertaken in the class. I have also understood that I can act as a good change agent in an organization by encouraging people to embrace changes. However, I would like to work on and improve certain arenas to be an effe ctive leader. This would include my ability to learn multiple languages so that I can demonstrate effective leadership in a multi-cultural work environment. This would also require my ability to develop cultural tolerance and remove stereotypes which will enable me to be an effective leader in a cross-cultural team. References Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Bargau, M.A., 2015. Leadership versus management.Romanian Economic and Business Review,10(2), p.197. Bauman, D.C., 2013. Leadership and the three faces of integrity.The Leadership Quarterly,24(3), pp.414-426. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Klenke, K. ed., 2016.Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Odom, S.F., 2015. Undergraduate Student Perceptions of the Pedagogy Used in a Leadership Course: A Qualitative Examination.Journal of Leadership Education,14(2). Riggio, R.E., 2013. Advancing the discipline of leadership studies.Journal of Leadership Education,12(3), pp.10-14. Van Wart, M., 2013. Administrative leadership theory: A reassessment after 10 years.Public Administration,91(3), pp.521-543. Waqar, M., 2012.Leadership styles(Doctoral dissertation, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering Applied Sciences).