Mrs. Dalloway Response Paper

Clarissa Dalloway, the protagonist in the novel Mrs. Dalloway, tried hard in order to balance her internal life to that of the outside world. In the novel, the reader could see that her life is full of activities, that her world is full of sparkling and impressive things like fashion and parties that are constantly present in high societies. However, this world does not satisfy her in the manner that she wants to be satisfied and thus she walk into that world trying to look beyond the superficiality of that world, in search for some deeper meanings.Clarissa constantly yearns for privacy which made her liable towards introspection thus giving her a deep faculty for emotion which is not present in the other characters in the story. In spite of this, Clarissa is also concerned with superficial things such as the way she look and so she keeps herself always composed, hardly ever sharing her thoughts or feelings with anybody. She makes use of endless flow of genial chatter and activities in order to keep her soul out of reach thus making her appear superficial or trivial even to those people who supposedly know her well.Clarissa is also continually superimposing the past with the present; she endeavors to reconcile herself to life in spite of her strong recollections of the past. In most part of the story Clarissa mull over aging and mortality with anxiety, even while performing life-affirming deeds. In spite of the fact that she is content with what she have in life she never releases the doubts she have concerning the choices which made her life as it was in the novel (especially her choice of marrying Richard instead of Peter). Her rationale behind this choice is that life with Peter would be hard in contrast to life with the financially secure Richard.However, Clarissa is aware that she gave up passion and love in exchange for the security life in the upper-class society has to offer. There are times that she wishes she could re-live her life all over again and she particularly feel a sense of clarity and tranquility when she observe her neighbor through her window, and she also accepts the possibility of death. As was the case with Septimus, Clarissa ardently feels the domineering forces in life, and she settle with the notion that the life she have at the moment is all she would ever get yet in spite of this her resolve to persist still exists.Septimus Warren Smith on the other hand is a veteran of World War I. He suffered from shell shock which made him lost in his own mind which made him loathe himself for being incapacitated. At the same time, he is also an individual who is full of guilt. Septimus’ doctor ordered his wife, Lucrezia to make Septimus notice and be concern of things other than himself since Septimus appears to have completely escaped from the outside world. Septimus has been living in a world known only to himself wherein he hears and see things which could not be seen or heard by others. In this world Septimus i s able to talk with his already deceased friend, Evans. He appreciates the beauty the world has to offer however he is afraid that the people living in it do not have the ability to be honest or kind. In this regard we could see that the author of the novel means for Clarissa to tell the audience the sane truth in this world and for Septimus to tell us the insane truth. This tactic works out well in that Septimus’ indifference allows him to judge others more harshly than Clarissa. The world outside Septimus world is intimidating and from his point of view it offers very little hope.At first glance or on a superficial level, Septimus appears to be different from Clarissa however he exemplifies many attributes in common with Clarissa (such as her way of thinking). In this manner one could even mistake Septimus as Clarissa’s double in the story. Both of them have beak noses, they both like Shakespeare, and most importantly they both fear repression.At the same time, Septi mus also provides as a contrast between conscious struggle of the working class veterans and the blind affluence of the high society. His actions lead the readers to think of the legitimacy of the English society he fought for in the World War I. Since Septimus’ line of thinking is the same with that of Clarissa the line which seems to divide sanity with insanity becomes thinner and thinner as the story progress. Septimus decided to end his problems by committing suicide, a dramatic and tragic act which eventually helped Clarissa to accept her own choices as well as the society in which she is a part of.All throughout the novel, Clarissa, Septimus, Peter along with the other characters could be seen trying to find an outlet which they could use for communication and enough privacy. In the novel one could see how hard it is to balance communication and privacy. For example, in the novel one could see Clarissa throwing different parties left and right in an endeavor to draw peo ple together however she also feel swathed within her own philosophical thoughts and soul and thinks how mysterious it is for her to exist in her room while her neighbor exists in another.Even when she rejoice in her neighbor’s independence she know deep down inside that it is accompanied by an unavoidable melancholy. The war has also changed the people’s notion of what English society ought to be like, and it is difficult to reconcile those who still believe in upholding the traditional English society with those people who are looking for constant change. In spite of all the efforts put forth by the characters it remains difficult to make consequential connections in the disorganized postwar world portrayed in the novel. Finally, Clarissa views Septimus’ demise as a desperate albeit legitimate attempt for communication.During the 19th century, the British Empire appears indestructible in that it was able to expand on other territories like India, Nigeria, and the like. The British Empire is one of the largest empires ever written in history. However there came a time that the English became vulnerable even on their native land. In spite of the fact that the Allies won the war, it is as though the victory is merely based on name since the extent of the injuries they received is so devastating.Due to this, the English citizens lost their faith on the empire following the war. Many people no longer believe that England is still invincible and they refuse to adhere to the constraints made by the empire to them particularly since the benefits are rakes only by the selected few while all of England fought for it.In 1923, the year when this novel first appeared, the old institution along with its set of repressive values is facing their end. English citizens, particularly the younger generations such as the novel’s Clarissa, Septimus, and the like experiences the failure of the British Empire as powerfully as they do their own personal f ailures. Citizens who still uphold the old tradition are mostly comprised by the older generation like Aunt Helena and Lady Bruton. In this regard the reader could contemplate that Aunt Helena’s eyeglasses was most likely used as a symbol of her inability to see the crumbling of the British Empire.The threat of oppression is also one of the relevant themes in the story. In a way, Mrs. Dalloway has so many things similar to the film The Hours. First and foremost the film was largely based on the novel Mrs. Dalloway. The film and the novel both shows how people are frightened by the threat of oppression and that those who could no longer deal with the threat sees suicide as a means of escape. In the movie The Hours, the three main protagonists always contemplate the notion of suicide as a means of escape.As to the question on whether Clarissa and Septimus would make the same choices they made if they are part of the contemporary world, I believe the answer is yes. True, things have changed a lot since the early 19th century however people still has to cope with different kind of pressures and problems. Not simply because you are living in a world completely different from before it already means that you would not be dealing with things our predecessors dealt with.Everyday we are faced with many choices and our personality and ability to cope up with all of these which determines which choice we would make. Septimus would still commit suicide if she is faced with another kind of threat in the modern world, and Clarissa would most likely still act the same way. The movie The Hours provided us with a modern day Clarissa and she is very similar to Mrs. Dalloway’s Clarissa, thus I believe that it is your own personality, the way you handle and view things which is more important.No matter what kind of world you are put in you would still face many obstacles albeit on different guise, thus if you are weak you are likely to make the same choice regardles s of your environment. For Clarissa (in novel and in film alike), in spite of the appeal of suicide, she still choose to fight the battle which is called live and that is primarily the reason why she did not choose to escape by means of suicide.ReferenceWoold V. (1990). Mrs. Dalloway: Harvest Books; 1st Harvest/HBJ edition.

Love and Respect By Dr. Emerson Eggerichs

Have you ever looked for your lost keys in the same place over and over again only to find out they were there in front of your face the whole time? Or have you ever looked everywhere for the pen or pencil that you had all day only to find it behind your ear at the end of the day? This is how I felt when I read Love and Respect by Dr. Emerson Eggerichs. The running theme of this book is many marriages are strained due to the fact that â€Å"men are from Mars and women are from Venus.† What I am saying here is that a simple misunderstanding causes the strain. Men don’t grasp what women are feeling when they are trying to express themselves and, yes, it’s true women are in the same predicament concerning men. Husbands aren’t feeling respected by their wives when, in turn, wives aren’t feeling loved by their husbands. Eggerin states there are three major cycles to the process of Love and Respect. The first cycle is named the crazy cycle. So named because the husband and wife end up with the same negative results for the same reason over and over again and the cycle continues until the couple decides to break the cycle. The second cycle is coined the energizing cycle. The couple has now overcome the vicious crazy cycle and can work toward encouraging one another with the love and respect each spouse deserves. Finally, the third cycle is known as the rewarded cycle. This cycle emphasizes the fact that no matter the response of the spouse, your reward is in heaven. I will elaborate on these three cycles and the foundation for the need for love and respect in a marriage. Let me elaborate on how Eggerin came to the epiphany of the need for love and respect in a healthy marriage. First, if we look at the success of the twelve step programs ranging from co-dependency to food disorders to chemical addictions, we can come to one conclusion as to their success. They work because they are based on one person with the same problem helping another. Oddly, Dr. Eggerich had the advantage, for lack of a better word, of watching his parents’ marriage disintegrate because of the lack of respect and love in it. Interestingly, Eggerich shares his difficulties in his marriage and the difficulty he had with marriage counseling from the start as well. He may have his PhD but his success concerning marriage counseling is due largely to the fact that he and his wife had the same struggles many couples experience. There was a lot of stumbling through cycles of misunderstandings between Emerson and his wife, Sarah. He forgot her birthday one year. After a Bible study group one night, Sarah’s voice grew louder and louder on the way home trying to get through to Emerson concerning his standoffish quiet demeanor. Emerson felt disrespected and hurt and he said to her; â€Å"You can be right but wrong at the top of your voice. (p.11)† One day, for the thousandth time, he read Ephesians 5:33; â€Å"33 Nevertheless tlet each one of you in particular so love his own wife as himself, and let the wife see that she urespects her husband.†[1] That’s when it hit him. It was right in front of his face every time he read it but this time, it truly resonated.   He had never seen the connection between love and respect but this time, he did. He came to the realization that a husband is to obey the command to love his wife, even if the wife does not obey the command to respect the husband. Also, the wife is to respect her husband even if the husband does not obey the command to love his wife. So, the connection is love and respect. There are two reasons why love and respect are primary needs. He discusses his personal experience of coming to this understanding from a husbands’ point of view. When disagreements occur, the husband perceives that the wife is contemptuous or disrespectful toward him. This, in turn, causes the husband to shut down or blow up at her and the wife does not receive an expression of love (p.17). After years of counseling married couples, I think it is safe to hang your hat on Eggerins’ theory. The crazy cycle is a down to earth approach to a problem that started at the fall of man. If not broken, this cycle will tear a marriage to pieces. Often, the man is not even aware that it actually is disrespect that the wife is conveying toward him. On the other hand, the wife doesn’t understand why her husband is not expressing his love toward her. The steps toward breaking the crazy cycle are just as simple as the realization that it exists. One major component is communication. Learning how to express our feelings in a respectful tone is very important. The communication code is discussed. He uses a funny little example of how men and women communicate in code. When a wife says; â€Å"I have nothing to wear,† she actually means â€Å"I have nothing new.† When a man says, â€Å"I have nothing to wear,† he means â€Å"I have nothing clean.† This is an example of the code that needs to be broken in order for couples to move past the crazy cycle. I believe another important thing to mention concerning the crazy cycle is unconditional respect. It is vital for women and men to see that respect is not earned, but given. Eggerson uses an example of a boss in the workplace. He basically says that even if you don’t feel respect for your boss, you still show respect for him or her. This is an example of unconditional respect. I suppose we can look at it this way as well, we are to give respect, expecting nothing in return. Just the same, we are to give love expecting nothing in return and both love and respect are reciprocal. They feed off of each other. The second cycle that Eggerson discusses is the energizing cycle.   This is the cycle in which application is necessary in order to stay off of the crazy cycle and move forward. There are two separate sections devoted to husbands and wives respectively. Each section contains an acronym; 1) Couple and 2) Chairs for the wives. The acronym for couple is Closeness, Openness, Understanding, Peacemaking, Loyalty and Esteem. To elaborate, a wife wants her husband to be close and there is a biblical standard for this as well. Genesis 2:24 says, â€Å"the husband shall cleave unto his wife; and they shall be one flesh.† She also wants her man to open up to her or to tell her what’s happening inside of him and not shut her down when she asks if something is wrong. Sometimes a wife just wants her husband to listen and not to try and fix her problems for her. This is where understanding comes into play. She desires to be at peace and she wants to hear her husband say that he’s sorry some times. Take initiative and pray with her after apologizing. She also needs to know that you aren’t going anywhere and that you are committed to her. Loyalty is very important in a marriage. If her friends are upset with her, be there. Even if she is wrong, a husband can still be loyal to his wife by being there for her in her time of need. She wants you esteem her as well. Read the Song of Solomon and pay special attention to the esteem and love that the man bestows on the Shulamite. For the women, the acronym for chairs is Conquest, Hierarchy, Authority, Insight, Relationship, and Sexuality. Respecting a husband is appreciating his desire to work and to achieve. This is not referring to the archaic definition. It merely refers to encouraging a husband in his achievements at work and in life and with the family. The hierarchy is to appreciate his desire to protect and provide. Eggerichs says that we need to keep in mind this is not a chauvinists’ construct but it is one thing that gives a man purpose. I kind of look at it in the way Christ defines hierarchy and that is that the least will be greatest in the kingdom of heaven. Men desire to be in authority and there are times that it is okay for a wife to appreciate that. Also, appreciate the wisdom and insight your husband has and his desire to analyze and counsel. Next comes relationship. I know that it’s hard to understand that sometimes husbands just want you in the same room with them, but it’s true. They don’t always want to talk about something. Sometimes, they just want their wives with them. Finally, the taboo of Christianity, sexuality! Appreciating his desire for sexual intimacy is also very important. Nothing seems to break a man down more than to remove physical intimacy from a relationship. Finally, the third cycle is fairly straightforward. It is a biblical concept through and through. There is no doubt as to whether or not Jesus practiced this concept in His life on this earth. The cycle is called the rewarded cycle. Notice it says rewarded. This is referring to the fact that it is done. No matter the husband or wife’s response, the reward for the obedient servant is eternal. It is stored in heaven. If a husband pours his love and gives all that he has for his wife, his reward is in heaven. There is no response necessary in order for the husband to be rewarded. If his wife is completely disrespectful then he will still receive his reward and vice-versa for a wife. This book has opened my eyes to a whole new reality concerning those who carry the opposite sex and myself. In the long run, there is no reason to give up on a marriage that is not working because of miscommunication and confusion. If we practice humility and recognize the need for biblical truth in married life then anything is possible. t Col. 3:19 u 1 Pet. 3:1, 6 [1]The New King James Version. 1996, c1982 . Thomas Nelson: Nashville

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Hepatic disorders - Article Example The research aims to establish whether dieticians for nutritional evaluation at the various stages of chronic liver disease (CLD) and other hepatic disorders can use the technique. Sixty-six patients were enrolled into the research study who were at different levels of progression of CLD. Their probability of their death or survival due to liver related complications was calculated and factored into the hypotheses of the research study. Nutritional diagnosis was based on measuring their mid arm circumference (MAC), mid arm and muscle circumference (MAMC) and triceps skin fold thickness (TST) (Dossel & Schlegel, 2009). Their subject global assessment (SGA) was also calculated as a relation to the overall results. Clinical and biochemical evaluation was done on their hepatic tissue and serum samples. The results garnered from the experiment illustrated an increase in derived-phase angle (Pha) of the BIA in well fed test subjects as compared to underfed participants(Dossel & Schlegel, 2009). This conclusion was arrived at by looking at the SGA of patients who had no hepatic encephalopathy. Calculations were also able to reveal that there was a significant co-rela tion between the Pha and the nutritional diagnosis data that was collected earlier. The body serum albumin from the research study participants displayed an inverse correlation with age of the subjects. The research results garnered from the experiment supported the conclusion that BIA-derived Pha of a patient is highly associated with patient survival rates. A decreased Pha is related to increase in risk of death from CLD and other hepatic disorders. The conclusion, from the research study, was successfully able to support the thesis that BIA derived Pha can be used and applied as a tool of nutritional evaluation, in CLD patients. The hypothesis posted for the research study adequately addressed the purpose set out by the researchers, and it was

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Argentina Economy - Analysis Project - Research Paper Example Argentina economy is the third biggest economy in Latin America, with high standards of living and per capita income. Argentina is an upper middle-income economy and exhibits the characteristics of a strong foundation for future market size expansion, and increments in foreign direct investment. It also exhibits an augment in the percentage of high technology exports as a share of the entire manufactured products. Argentina gains from rich natural resources, high literacy rates of its population, an agricultural sector which is export oriented, and a diversified industrial base. Traditionally, Argentine economy had been agriculture based, but in the recent years, service and industrial sectors have grown in importance (Paolera & Taylor 88). Prior to the 1880s, the country relied on the salted meat, leather, hide, and wool industries for the larger component of its foreign trade and the generation of local income and earnings. Over the years, the country has experienced economic expansion in the various sectors. Argentina is among the international principal producers of agricultural commodities. The country is amongst the top producers and exporters of fruits and vegetables, maize, soybeans, honey, wheat and sorghum among others. In 2010, the agriculture sector accounted for 9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (Paolera & Taylor 90). The manufacturing sector of the economy accounts for 19 percent of the country’s economy. The manufacturing and agriculture sectors of the economy are well integrated; more than half of the country’s industrial exports are agricultural in nature. ... 0, the country experienced persistent economic crises, relentless current account and fiscal deficits, high inflation rates, escalating external debt, and capital outflows. A severe economic depression, escalating external and public indebtedness, and bank run culminated in 2001 were the most serious social, political and economic crisis in the Argentina turbulent history. In December 2001, interim President Adolfo Rodriguez SAA declared a default on the government’s external debt, which was the biggest in history. President Rodriguez resigned a few days after taking office (Baer & Fleisher 8).3 In early 2002, Rodriguez’s successor, Eduardo Duhalde, declared an end to the peso’s 10 years long 1-to-1 peg to the U.S. dollar. During this year, there was deterioration of the economy with real GDP being 18 percent lower compared to that of 1998 and almost 60 percent of the Argentines were living under the poverty line. After six years, the economy started to grow with an average real GDP annual growth rate of 8.5 percent. The economy took advantage of previously inactive labor and industrial capacity, a bold debt restructuring and diminished debt burden, excellent global financial conditions, and expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. Also, the economy experienced high rates of inflation (Baer & Fleisher 10).3 However, in early 2007, President Nestor Kirchner’s administration responded to the inflation through price restraints on businesses and export taxes and controls. In late 2007, Cristina Kirchner succeeded her husband as President, and the rapid growth of the economy of previous years started to slow down sharply in 2008. This was as a result of government policies, which reduced exports and the global economy fell into recession. The economy has recovered

Health Assessment of a Geriatric Patient Assignment

Health Assessment of a Geriatric Patient - Assignment Example While performing a health assessment among the geriatric patients, a nurse should keep in mind the special considerations that the physiological process is unique in this age group of patients. There are illnesses and conditions related to the changing of the physiological functions resulting from an advancement in age. During the performance of physical examination, the nurse must equally avoid prolonged exposure of the patients as the geriatric patients easily loose head and are prone to hypothermia (Rosen & Reuben, 2011). Due to the multiplicity of conditions experienced by the geriatric patients, a thorough health history is essential in understanding the nature of the condition. In certain instances when the elderly cannot clearly express the condition, interviewing of the family members is essential in helping to understand the conditions. Additionally, during the assessment, the elderly must be treated with caution since these groups of people are accustomed to falls. The patients’ assessment should be done in an environment that is spacious enough but has for support appliances that will prevent the fall of the patients (Kenis et al., 2013). Kenis, C., Bron, D., Libert, Y., Decoster, L., Van Puyvelde, K., Scalliet, P., †¦ Wildiers, H. (2013). Relevance of a systematic geriatric screening and assessment in older patients with cancer: results of a prospective multicentric study. Annals of Oncology†¯: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO, 24,

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Law - Essay Example It is significant to note that marriage will always remain a viable institution because it focuses on procreation, which ensures continuity of humanity. Further, marriage assists in nurturing stronger and intelligent communities that generates a more steady society (Statsky 16). As much as technology has helped marriages, its negative effects on the institution are far reaching. For instance, social networking has led to broke many marriages because of addiction to the internet in order to keep up with the current events. Some married couples are unable to stay away from the internet and in turn give little attention to their families. Some couple through social media sites like Face book and Twitter sends flirty messages to the friends that can affect marriage in a negative manner (Statsky 32). Technology has assisted married couples to connect with old friends. Such freedom of connecting with old friends may bring suspicion to one partner in the institution because they can think his or her husband is flirting past lovers and in turn it leads to mistrust which eventually break the marriage. Since social networking encompasses things such as photo, chats, comments and information sharing, sometimes one partner who engages in social networking may make unreasonable decision in how they socialize with other people online. Unwanted behavior may be seen in the nature of sending flirty messages and sharing unsuitable videos and photos. Divorce is the legal dissolution of marriage between involved couples. Divorce cases are increasing tremendously and especially in the United States. Since the 20th century, marriage breaks have been breaking up and the peak was in the 1970s with the institution of no fault divorce. In State laws, the divorce can occur if any form of abuse directed to one partner can cause a great deal in marriage break. Abuse may take many forms including emotional

Magnetic nanowire arrays and their temperature stability Dissertation

Magnetic nanowire arrays and their temperature stability - Dissertation Example These nanowires are hexagonally arranged and highly ordered with wire to wire distances between 30 to 100 nm, wire diameters of 5 to 250 nm and lengths up to several ÃŽ ¼m depending on the preparation conditions. Ferromagnetic nanowires with diameters in the range of domain wall widths or even smaller are expected to behave as single domain particles. In the easiest case such nanowires can be interpreted as defect-free long ellipsoids with homogeneous magnetization and these represent model systems for the investigation of magnetic interactions because their magnetic properties are not obscured by difficult-to-control bulk domains. Within such nanowires the shape anisotropy, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy and – in the case of very fine nanowires (diameters about 5 nm) – the influence of the surface magnetism has to be considered. Depending on the distance between the nanowires the wires can be interpreted as magnetically isolated magnetic mono-domains or, in the case of arrays in alumina, as dipolar interacting mono-domains. For the understanding of the behavior of such arrays both theoretical and experimental investigations are essential. In the following we will just prese nt experimental results which demonstrate the basic magnetic properties.... Fig:- Hexagonally arranged Nanowire Arrays Ferromagnetic nanowires with diameters in the range of domain wall widths or even smaller are expected to behave as single domain particles. In the easiest case such nanowires can be interpreted as defect-free long ellipsoids with homogeneous magnetization and these represent model systems for the investigation of magnetic interactions because their magnetic properties are not obscured by difficult-to-control bulk domains. Within such nanowires the shape anisotropy, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy and – in the case of very fine nanowires (diameters about 5 nm) – the influence of the surface magnetism has to be considered. Depending on the distance between the nanowires the wires can be interpreted as magnetically isolated magnetic mono-domains or, in the case of arrays in alumina, as dipolar interacting mono-domains. For the understanding of the behavior of such arrays both theoretical and experimental investigations are ess ential. In the following we will just present experimental results which demonstrate the basic magnetic properties. Hysteresis loops of arrays of Co-nanowires in alumina with different diameters and roughly the same length with H parallel (II) and perpendicular (^) to the long wire axis. Aside from the scientific attitude such arrays of ferromagnetic nanostructures are of significant interest because of their possible application as ultrahigh-density magnetic recording media. The preparation of such systems is very cheap and fast compared to expensive and time consuming methods as microlithography and molecular beam epitaxy. In addition the diameter, interwire

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Research - Essay Example Decision-making is paramount during the times of drastic changes in the organization as it determines the success or the failure of the organization. Decision-making ensures that the steps taken in the change process have been researched on and are confirmed to work under specific circumstances. According to the article, â€Å"A Novel Trauma Leadership Model Reflective of Changing Times† by Cecile D’Huyvetter and Thomas H. Cogbill, change should be done according to the various generations that exist in the organization. Although this may be applied in large organizations that have employees with diverse age groups, it is applicable in most large health institutions. The findings in this article provide clear directives on how different generations should be treated because they prefer different leadership styles. I would apply these findings according to the generations. Application of these findings could ensure that the organization is in a better situation to make comprehensive and cost effective leadership models that ensure provider satisfaction at work. Most organizations have two different generations; the generation X and generation Y (DHuyvetter & Cogbill, 2014). These generations are usually very comfortable at using technology and have a habit of c onstant communications; therefore, I would use technology to communicate easily and affordably with them. Since this generation prefers work and life balance, they prefer a group approach to completing tasks. This is because they interact well with others. Therefore, ensuring that the organization fosters teamwork when dealing with these age groups would indicate effective decision making and change would be accomplished with reduced effort in the organization. Since these groups also prefer the absence of hierarchy, I would also make a good decision of such a favorable workplace to be

Sentencing in international law requires reasoned discrimination Essay

Sentencing in international law requires reasoned discrimination. Critically evaluate this statement with reference to role of international tribunals - Essay Example licies regarding the international criminal court (ICC).2 Various states recognised the role of ICC in a multilateral system aiming to put to end impunity and set up the rule of law in the declaration, which was adopted in the meeting. As per the declaration, it is right to say that the key role of ICC is the enforcement and inducement of compliance in regard to the specific norms of international law prohibit and prevent mass violence.3 Following the extensive perpetration of unspeakable atrocities which were the consequences of the Second World War, the international community passed an unparalleled call for justice.4 The community sought to end serious crimes via inter alia, which is adopting the convention of preventing and punishing all crime genocides, the four Geneva conventions and the principles of Nuremberg.5 Despite the fact that sentencing in domestic jurisdictions’ importance has grown over time, it still remains part of international criminal law which is undergoing construction and is likely to be unregulated in various aspects. International sentencing law and practice has not yet been defined by proper specific norms and principles under which one should be prosecuted. International judges have continued receiving little guidance on matters concerning prosecution of individuals. Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR) are the best examples of international sentencing which can comprehensively and coherently explain how the system works. Despite the lack of credible enforcement mechanisms, violating international humanitarian laws have continued over time with glowing impunity. The international community has responded promptly by taking a joint action that involves creating an interconnection system of international justice aiming at preventing impunity for the worst atrocities likely to happen to mankind.6 This vision came into reality in 1998 when states approved and adopted the multilateral treaty by the name Rome Statute of the International

A topic of interest in business or management Research Proposal

A topic of interest in business or management - Research Proposal Example Further, although business management courses have included various course modules on entrepreneurship that focus on strategies that would assist in establishing new businesses or determining factors and traits of successful entrepreneurs, information on the effect of economic crisis to entrepreneurship is not vagrantly published. One is intrigued to find out whether the economic crisis detracts potentially talented entrepreneurs from establishing new business endeavors or led successfully established businesses into financial loss and bankruptcy. The statistics that could be searched could provide the theoretical framework for the research. However, interpretation of the statistics and numbers of new or closed businesses during the period of economic crisis could assist aspiring entrepreneurs in learning from the experiences of others. The research objective could be stated as: The research aims to determine how the economic crisis affect and impact entrepreneurship in the United States. The objective could be achieved through addressing the following research questions: A description and qualitative research method would be proposed for the current research. Secondary sources of authoritative and academic information would provide support to contentions and would validate results, as required. From current statistics, relevant findings would be interpreted and would form the basis for recommendations and conclusions. Gries, T. and Naude, W. 2011. â€Å"Entrepreneurship, Structural Change and a Global Economic Crisis.† Entrepreneurship Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue: 3, Pages: article 4. [Online]. Available at: http://www.mendeley.com/research/entrepreneurship-structural-change-global-economic-crisis/. [Accessed 7 January 2012]. Knowledge@Wharton. 2008. Why an Economic Crisis Could Be the Right Time for Companies to

Sales force automation Essay Example for Free

Sales force automation Essay Introduction. Sales Force Automation is a technique of using software to automate the business tasks of sales, including order processing, contact management, information sharing, inventory monitoring and control, order tracking, customer management, sales forecast analysis and employee performance evaluation(Thomas, M.S Michael, S.M 1996). This revolution that is sweeping through society is changing the nature of selling. For last 150 years, traditional selling process bases on the two ways communications, that is salespeople to customers, customers to salespeople. Such face-to-face selling or in-person selling can require a lot of time, energy, and expense, but the payoff can be tremendous. Despite all of the new high-tech alternatives, an in-person sales presentation is the single most powerful marketing tool in use today. 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It is vital importance to salespeople whom use this communication tool with their potential buyers of a product with the intention of making a sale; also they can focus initially on developing a relationship with the potential customers with an attempt to close the sale'(Pyle, J. 2004). Does face to face is the best way to communicate? In the small business, Personal selling involves face-to-face interaction between buyer and seller, which is a very important part of a stores effect to communicate with its customers. Sellers are able to have exclusive contact with the buyer and clearly articulate the benefits of the product or service. And buyers are able to get personal attention and have their questions answered fully (Personal selling, 2005). It creates a mutually beneficial situation in which both buyer and seller feel they are meeting their objectives. During face to face communication, one essential part of effective communication is feedback. Only in personal selling does the potential for a clear feedback channel exist. Even cashiers are salespeople in the sense that they convey a message to the customer. As salespeople interact with customers, they not only hear verbal responses, but also see smiles, frowns, and nods. The verbal responses and the nonverbal reactions provide feedback. These responses help salespeople modify the sales message to the specific needs of the customer (Personal selling, 2005). A successful selling can be made via face to face communication because it is an effective strategy that both salespeople and customer can see each others characteristics, body language, gestures, facial expression, intonation, or words to make a sufficient judgment, and it is also a powerful selling method for building a stronger relationship with the potential customer. Unquestionably, the face-to-face communication that takes place in the personal selling situation that can (1) clearly identify and translate product features into benefits and satisfactions that solve customers problems and fill their needs; (2) pinpoint the customers uncertainties about purchasing and provide knowledge and information to reduce these uncertainties; (3) provide specific rational psychological reasons that help the customer make a purchasing decision; and (4) build trust between organizations and its potential customer (The Importance of face to face selling, 2003). One research point out that most managers think that Face-to-face sales method can carefully explain the new process or product to their customers (Martin, C .2005). However, the major disadvantage of personal selling through face to face communication is the cost of employing a sales force. Sales people are expensive. In addition to the basic pay package, a business needs to provide incentives to achieve sales, such as commission, bonus arrangements, and the equipment , such as car, travel and mobile phone, to make sales calls (Personal selling, 2005). Moreover, there is not a cost-effective way of  reaching a large audience in now faster society. A sales person can only call on one customer at a time. In other words, salespeople need to go to the prospective customer in order to demonstrate or illustrate the particulars about the product or service. For reaching a large customer; salespeople will be taking a lot of time to achieve the goal (The Importance of Good Communication, 2005). Sales force automation- SFA. Following by the rapid and continuous drop in the price of computing and the businesses are increasingly global that joined with advances in communications technology; the structure and process of selling have altered the competitive environment (David, G. H Mckee, D 1999) . Technology makes salespeople more effective and productive because it allows them to provide accurate and current information to customers during sales presentations. Sales force automation (SFA) implies that technology can be used to speed up previously inefficient operations of a company, which the Internet and related technology have affected the personal selling process (Thomas, M.S Michael, S.M 1996 Yudkowsky, C, 1998). Product information on Web sites is available to customers and prospects. In the past, salespeople delivered this information to the customer by face to face. The Internet releases salespeople to focus on the most important aspects of their job, such as building long-term relationships wit h customers and focusing on new accounts. Information is shared among users in every department that contact with the customer. Also, information sharing promotes more effective channel partnership. In fact, salespeople use computers to connect them (through the Internet) to their own companys databases when they are out on sales calls. This gives them the ability to provide the customer with extensive, relevant information almost immediately (Sapru, P, 2005). It reduces administrative tasks for salespeople and makes them better prepared for every sales call. A successfully implemented SFA solution can improve the productivity and efficiency of the sales team, which can result in higher customer satisfaction and higher revenue per customer of a company (Thomas, M.S Michael, S.M 1996). Salespeople become intelligence agents in the field when they feed that information directly into the data resources shared by the  rest of the sales force and the company at large. SFA is becoming vital selling tools that can be used to communicate through a global basis; also, it is a most cost- effective way that the business can reach its large customer globally. According to the estimated, the advantages of using sales automated technology can increase at a rate of 40% annually include the ability to generate sophisticated multimedia presentations, to create internal communication systems, to monitor sales rep progress, and to keep databases of customer histories (Yudkowsky, C, 1998). In the book Virtual Selling, the author indicated that SFA is rapidly rising to the forefront salespeople of the business computing market (Thomas, M.S Michael, S.M, 1996) Conclusion. Marketing communication tools definitely has been changed. Sales force automation provides a cost-effective way of a companys salespeople expenditures, innovations in opportunity, immediately contact, activity, and account management as well as automatic quoting, product configuration, research, and reach a large customer (Yudkowsky, C, 1998). However, face to face selling can be more successful to reach peoples heart and build a stronger relationship in accomplish a selling objective. The problem is not which mode of communication is used; it is the quantity and quality of the produce/service content need to be considered. There is no one way to communicate well; each method has strengths and weaknesses. It is the balance of the methods, using their strengths and avoiding the weaknesses that will make good communications. As selling a car, house and insurance, face to face communication is a crucial requirement that salespeople need to build the trust, product value and satisfy customer needs in the entire selling process (Selling a car, 2004 Business Family Champion, 2005). Although SFA has changed the way of both selling and purchasing process, customers have more choice than ever before, as their can choice any thing by the click of a mouse. Yet face to face communication is the only way that salespeople can build a real trust, and interpersonal relationship in humans life.

Travels by Joseph Zere Essay Example for Free

Travels by Joseph Zere Essay My first example of satire is in Lilliput when Gulliver was invited to a entertainment feast. But when Gulliver arrives at the feast, he gradually discovers that its not only an entertainment feast, but it is an job applicants who will dance on the tight rope. Who ever dance the highest on the tight rope will get a very good job. This is absurd because to get a good pay job, you need to have qualifications, familiarity and the experience to do the job. I know of all this, because in page 32 it says when a great office is vacant by either dead or disgrace, 5 or 6 candidates petition the emperor to entertain his majesty and the court with a dance on the rope, and whoever jumps the highest without falling succeeds in the office. This is not fair, because you need to be educated, not be a good dancer. So Jonathan Swift is translating it based to London, he is trying to put out that you dont need merit to get a well-paid job; you could get it for daft reasons. Like if you had friends in power, through favouritism, so getting a job wasnt based on merit, it was based on silly, childish ways. In fact people at the time (18th century) were incompetent people and didnt know how to their jobs, especially in politics. Jobs were allocated on the ground of tradition and family. Luckily and rightfully civil exams came in, and it was a big change, but at the time Swift wrote this book, there was nothing stopping a mental man getting a well-paid job. The issue that Swift is satirising is the ineptitude of a ruling class who value dancing more greatly than education. He is also attacking the class structure of Britain. Swift suggests the solution would be to create a society were people rose on merit. To modern readers the satire may seem rather indirect. We might feel that he is not confronting the issue. However we should remember that there was a very strong royalist feeling and class prejudice at the time Swift wrote. There was also active censorship. In order to get his message across at all, Swift had to be tortuous. He had to make his meaning a little indistinguishable. This satire is as effective as it could be if we consider the time Swift wrote. At first the story honestly struck me as rather silly like a childs fairytale. However I quickly started thinking about the message. That it is still very important today. If we consider how money buys education in Britain we might think that it is still wealthy people who dance prettily. Who get to the top. Swifts satire was of great magnitude in the 18th century. That is why he has to make his meaning a little unclear. Yet what he said is still important today. My second example of satire was when Gulliver was invited to an entertainment feast yet again. However Gulliver arrives at the feast, he realises that it is a reward scheme, for the emperor to give rewards to people ( blue, red, green). To get rewards you had to jump over a stick, which the emperor held out for you. This is absolute madness, a reward should be given out who worked hard and deserved it, not jump over a wooden stick. I know of this case it quotes the emperor lays on the table three fine silken threads of six inches long. One is blue, the other red and the third green. To receive this it says the emperor holds a stick in his hands, both ends parallel to the horizon, while the candidates, advancing one by one, sometime leap over the stick, sometimes creep under it backwards and forward several times, according as the stick is advanced or depressed. Swift is satirising that people in Britain got their jobs by creeping. This satire is aimed at the kings court. The first satire concerned jobs. This one concerns influential positions at court- and you see a few great persons about this court who are not adorned with one of these girdles. In the 18th century many people like Swift felt that the kings court was too important and too corrupt. They felt that people rose through the court on how well they crept to the king. The positions at court were also very important. Many of the people who governed the country and who ran the army and the navy were appointed by the king. Swift and others felt that such important positions should be given out according to merit. They also felt that the government of the country should come from elected MPs rather than creeps at the kings court. The satire works in many ways. One way is the gap between the ridiculous things being described and the very formal and technical language that Swift uses to describe them. The candidates are to undergo a trial of dexterity very different from the former. The use of formal words like a trial of dexterity is amusing when it is applied to something so stupid. This gap between ridiculous action and a very high tone is something that humorous and satirical writers use a lot. Another similar technique, which I find very effective, is the way Swift includes lots of detail about actions that are meaningless. One example would be the detail, the emperor lays on the table three fine silken threads of six inches long. One is blue, the other red and the third green. Readers are used to hearing this kind of technical detail applied to serious things like engineering, so they find it amusing when these phrases are used to describe madness. The best satirists such as Swift have the imagination to came up with crazy situations and they have the control if language and tone to put this into kind if language people would expect to hear speaking about serious things. The solution that Swift seems to suggest is that the King should not be in charge of appointing people to important positions. He also suggests that in England the Prime Minister is to close to the king and is also corrupt. It is noticeable the emperor and the first minister share the holding of the stick. Swift suggests that Prime Minister should be separate from the king and that important jobs should be given out elected people in parliament.

Doctrine of Ultra Vires Effect on Malaysian Company Law

Doctrine of Ultra Vires Effect on Malaysian Company Law Discuss the doctrine of ultra vires and its effect in Malaysian Company Law. According to s18 Contract Act 1965, every company formed should have a memorandum printed and divided into paragraph and with the date stated. In s18 (b) Contract Act 1965, it shows that the requirement of the Memorandum of Association (M/A) required a statement of object clause. The object clause can be used to describe the nature of the business such as manufacturing business, merchandising business or service business. Besides, it also show the company power, its purpose and the legal capacity of the company.[1] Furthermore, the purpose of the object of M/A should be lawful as stated in s14 (1) Company Act 1965. The consequence of unlawful purpose and incompatible to peace, welfare, security, public order, good order or morality in Malaysia will be Registrar of Company will refuse for the registration of the company as followed to s16(8)(a) Company Act 1965. As it has been stated that object of M/A function as recognize the legal capacity of the company, in the same time, it has limited the company which it require the company to act based on the statement. If the operation of the company is different with the object of M/A, ultra vires will be recognized. Ultra means â€Å"beyond† whereas vires means â€Å"power† where ultra vires happened when an act is against the object clause. Although the company want to ratify the act, the act is void at initio. This can be further explained by the common law and statue. However, if the company wants to prevent ultra vires, the company must alter the object clause. There are certain requirement as stated s28 Company Act 1965. In s28 (1) Company Act 1965, it stated that alteration can be made based on a special resolution. Besides, by holding this special resolution, members and debentures holder of the company should be given 21days of notification to the special resolution as according to s28 (2) Company Act 1965. Common Law The doctrine of ultra vires under common law refers to the rules that company must act within their objects clause that is stated in the memorandum of association. Any activity that is outside from the company capacity is void. Neither the company nor the third party could enforce this. In other words, ultra vires act is void and the contract cannot be ratified even if the company wishes to. Under common law, the company’s contract is void due to internal or external context. Externally, when a third party contracting with a company, if the contract was not fulfill the objects of company that stated in memorandum of association, then the contract was ultra vires and void. Internally, if the company and the director enter into an ultra vires contract, the company may immediately stop the act of the director and claim damages from the director who breach his fiduciary duties by entering into the contract which is outside from the company’s capacity. If the company could n ot fulfill the main object in their memorandum, then they would have to be wound up. According to Ashbury Railway Carriage Iron Company v Riche (1875) LR 7HL 653, the case stated that the company’s objects in their memorandum was to make, sell and hire railway carriages. The company entered into contract with Riche and the contract was approved by the shareholders at general meeting, then the company agreed to give Riche and his brother a loan to build a railway in Belgium. After that, the company changed their mind and refused the agreement. Riche sued the company. The court held that the construction of a railway was ultra vires, because construct a railway was not stated in their company’s memorandum of association. Thus, the contract is void because the construction of a railway is outside from the company capacity. Furthermore, since it is outside from the company capacity, so the company could not ratify the contract. Therefore, ultra vires exist and the contract is void even if all of the shareholders approved the contract. From Ashbury Railway Carriage case, we can see that the company could not sue or be sued by the third party for not performing the contract. This is because the contract is null and void. Thus, the company could avoid for not performing the contract and could not be sued by the third party because it is outside form the company’s capacity. Although it seems unfair for the other party but the object clause of a company is available at public for inspection. The other party should have checked whether the company has the capacity to enter into contract with them or not. Need to say if company itself can sue the director and SH? Shareholders pay less concerned on the corporation on how the director corporate as long as the business generates dividend to them. However this will put the creditor in high risk. This is because if the creditors credit sales the goods and services to the particular company, and the company has insolvent in later dates, the creditor could not claim any debts. Common law stated that an ultra vires act is null and void to protect the member or the creditors of the company who has invested the money into the company and expect the investment is only used for the company’s business. According to Cotman v Brougham (1918) A.C. 514, the objects clause of company contained 30 sub clauses, however, the first sub clause stated the company to develop rubber plantations. In the fourth clause, it empowered the company to deal in any shares of any company. Besides, the memorandum also stated that each sub clauses acts as the independent objects for the company. The company underwrote and had allotted to it shares in an oil company. After that, the oil company wound up and their company was on the list of contributories. The question arose is that whether this is intra vires the company’s objects. The court held that the 30 independent object clause in the rubber company’s memorandum was an independent. Hence, the power to deal with the share in an oil company was within the legal power. Therefore, the company is liable for the underwriting. From the Cotman case, the company did not clearly specify the main object where constitution of Memorandum are not limited by using plain business language. Companies could no longer avoid a contract based on the grounds that it was beyond the company objects which they have been done in the traditional ultra vires doctrine. This has increased a wider range of object clauses in the Memorandum as a result of each sub clause is independent which are not interrelated with the main clause. Hence, the object are not restricted to review on the main clause. This has rendered the companies to introduce a standard type of object clause to render almost all potential commercial objectives intra vires. Position under Companies Act 1965 According to s20 (1) of Companies Act 1965, any act or transfer of property that made by the company shall not be invalid with the reason that company dont have the power or capacity to do act. The effect for this section is transaction will become irrelevant with the fact that the company did not have the capacity to enter into it, even though a certain transaction is otherwise valid. Besides, the company can sued or be sued as acts against its object clause. In order to protect the interest of the shareholders and creditors, s20 (2) Companies Act 1965 has provided the remedies to restrain the ultra vires act. According to s20 (2) (a) Companies Act 1965, company is liable if a member of the company or the company itself has issued the debentures are available with a floating charge. The shareholders and debenture holders can sue the company for the taking any action outside the company and they can claimed the compensation from it. Besides, it also stated that the relief of s20 Companies Act 1965, the ultra vires only apply to specific person and not an outsider as refer to Pamaron Holdings Sdn Bhd v Ganda Holdings Bhd [1988] 3 MLJ 346. According to Pamaron Holdings Sdn Bhd v Ganda Holdings Bhd case, the Plaintiff and the Defendant entered into an agreement for sale and purchase of shares in a private limited company. The Defendant defaulted in the payment of the purchase price and the plaintiff applied for summary judgment against it. In opposing the application, the defendant proclaim that among the transaction was ultra vires the plaintiff company. Allowing the application, the court held that under s.20 a person other than a debenture holder or the minister may not raise ultra vires. The defendant being an outsider and not a debenture holder or the minister had no right under the section. The Defendant was liable for not being able to settle the payment of the purchase price. The Defendant also didnt purcha se any shares or debentures from the Plaintiff Company, thus it cannot raise ultra vires. Defendant should purchase the shares or debenture from the plaintiff in order for the defendant have the right to raise ultra vires. From this case, only the person that are sufficient proximate to the company can apply ultra vires. Ultra vires is an action This act will only available to the contract that has been entered, yet to be completed as refer to the Hawkesbury Development Co Ltd v Landmark Finance Pty Ltd ( 1969 ) 2 NSWR 786. According to Hawkesbury Development Co. Ltd v Ladmark Finance Pty Ltd case, Plaintiff holds all of the shares in the Landmark Finance Pty Ltd. Landmark Finance has issued two debentures to United Dominion Corp (UDC). A request has been sent to court by Plaintiff about declaring both debentures to be invalid due that it is a company object ultra vires. Plaintiff also request that the court to prohibit the enforcement of UDC of the debentures. However, application that request by the plaintiff is rejected and the approval of court to void the declaration of the UDC had failed to be obtained. Due that the plaintiffs are the shareholders of the Landmark Finance, the application should make to Landmark Finance instead of UDC is a third party. If the company is make the act of ultra vires by issuing the debentures to the outsiders, the shareholders or debenture holders have the right to sue the company. However, s20 (2) (a) Companies Act 1965 does not given its protection to debentures holders that secured by float charge and creditors who did not have any charge. According to s20 (2) (b) Companies Act 1965, officers are personally liable for any action taken by member of the company or the company itself. The shareholders or the company itself can sue the officers either former or current that who committed any Ultra Vires transactions which must be completed and realized. However, if any law suit against the officer will not affect the validity as stated in s20 (1) CA 1965, the act will be valid to the ground. According to s20 (2) (c) Companies Act 1965, any petition that may conducted by the Minister to the court to wind up the company that had committed ultra vires actions. The court will conducted its discretion when the company has changed the business totally from its original business. According to s20 (3) Companies Act, if any party has suffered any damage or loss due to the unauthorized act or transfer is yet to be performed and to be restrained under s20 (2) Companies Act 1965, the parties who have sustained the damage can be compensated. By comparing the common law and Companies Act 1965, under the doctrine of ultra vires, it is prefer to go for common law. This is because, under common law, the act of ultra vires is null and void, so the company could avoid for not performing the contract which is outside from their capacity. Besides, the company could not sue or be sued by others party just because they did not perform the contract. However, under the Companies Act 1965, it provides completed transactions remain valid as between the company and the third party and both of the party may sue each other. Let’s compare the case of Ashbury Railway Carriage Iron Company v Riche under common law and the case of Hawkesbury Development Co Ltd v Landmark Finance Pty Ltd under Companies Act 1965, we can see that under Ashbury case, the ultra vires are meant to protect the company by voiding the contract because it is outside the company’s capacity. The other party could not sue the company although they had ent ered into the contract because ultra vires exist. Whereas, under the Hawkesbury case, the plaintiff failed to declare the debentures to the third party although it is a company object ultra vires because the plantiff are the shareholders of the Landmark Finance and it should make declaration to Landmark Finance instead of the third party. Conclusion For under the common law, the contract entered by the director of the company or the company itself is ultra vires, the contract is considered void due that it is beyond the companys capacity to perform it. If the contract made by the company with the third party is not fulfill the objects of the company that stated in memorandum of association also considered as ultra vires thus become void. When the contract has become void, the company could not sue or be sued by the third party for not performing the contract. For under the Companies Act 1965, any act that made by the company cannot be declared as invalid by using incapable to perform the act as an excuse. The transactions still remain valid between both the company and the third party that they may able to sue or be sued by each other. Thus, both companies and the third party should consider the capabilities of the company to perform the any act from the contract in order to avoid any ultra vires that may happen and cause the loss to the creditors, shareholders, debenture holders or any related parties. [1] Pg 205 principle of business law and corporation

Developing Solutions :: essays research papers

Developing and Selecting Solutions Graham Parker’s Structured Problem Solving Guide describes the problem solving process in four phases, one of which is Developing and Selecting Solutions (Phase 4). The other phases are not summarized here, however, it is noteworthy to mention that Phase 4 is the entering into solution development, whereas during the first three Phases of the process, specific problems of study have already been defined, a selection process is undertaken to decide which problems to address, and finally the problem to be studied is characterized by the collection and analysis of the data to be studied. We then pick up the process of developing solutions for addressing the problems identified in the previous phases, as we enter Phase 4. This particular stage of the Creative Problem Solving process is regarded as the primary decision-making stage. The function of implementing solutions hinges on two basic ideas: (1) consideration of the possible solutions by studying the results of the previous stages and the ideas they generated; and (2) development of evaluation criteria. A simplified approach to solution development is the "in-house" search for solutions on the presumption that there are no new problems, only unsolved ones. This simply suggests the research team ask, "has anyone else had this problem?" Consideration would be given to a problem of similar circumstances, how they solved the problem previously, if the solution was successful, and if any disadvantages resulted from the solutions implemented. This method simply uses history to our advantage so that don’t find ourselves re-creating a solution that perhaps has already been developed that would serve current needs. A second consideration would be to find out if anyone else is looking at the same, or a similar, problem. We could determine what, if anything, they have learned to date, determine if we can be of help to each other, and perhaps pool resources to broaden the prospects of ideas and solutions. In-house efforts can quickly bring solutions to common problems, that are frequently dealt with which minimizes effort in coming to a successful solution. Parker explains that sometimes solutions can be found simply by restating the problem, so by examining other problems/solutions with a view toward solving current problems, a solution from previous events, can potentially be redesigned to fit an existing event. When causes of particular problems have been identified, the problem solving process can be directed in several directions, but we concern ourselves with elimination of causes.

Fine Arts and Technology :: Education Technological Classroom Essays

Fine Arts and Technology My high school’s motto was â€Å"Excellence through diversity† which always meant to me many different views and ideas coming together to achieve something great. My school had this motto because it was the â€Å"melting pot† of the county. A large majority of Special Ed and ESOL students traveled far to attend our school. These days diversity is more than just the different cultures and backgrounds the students have attending. The curriculum itself as-well-as the methods to teach it with are becoming more diverse. What really is becoming a huge staple in schools these days is technology. Computers for example our getting their feet through the door of every subject in every school across the board and are making a huge impact on the way we look at things. Mass media classes are now available at most schools (including K-12) which only years ago were only found in specialty schools. Fine Arts and Technology are two subjects that have collided together to build majors and requirements at many universities and institutes across the nation. It borders all kind or areas including digital art and cameras to business classes and marketing. Artists are still using the same methods found years ago only they have bettered the process to do so. The only negative issue shadowing such a concept is funding for the technology. The schools and universities have to get the money to spend it on the instruments needed in the classrooms. Some schools need as much as new facilities to be able to incorporate such extravagant ideas. To further indulge in the concept one must ask what other ways are there to get the proper technology into (and outside) the classrooms and how can this be achieved? This essay will provide commentary on technology and its impact in the arts. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate how funding for technology in the Fine Arts programs can impact students’ opportunities to learn and create. I chose this topic because it hits so close to home. As an art major I see the potential in combining the two courses to form one. I also understand the importance of funding to help make all of this possible. Towson University is a great example of how funding can help or make a significant impact on the students.

Shoeless Joe :: essays research papers

Reviewing a TV show or movie The Simpsons is undeniably the best show to ever be shown on television. Every episode is a timeless classic, subtle Simpson’s humor and doesn't depend on common jokes that so many rip-off cartoon shows and sitcoms use today. It is original, and no other show can ever top its humor. The characters are all amazingly funny and they always think of the most surprising and hilarious things to say. The Simpsons is one of the few shows that have managed to retain its popularity over the years. Bart pulls a prank at church, resulting in a punishment for himself and Milhouse. They have a conversation about it, and Bart tells Milhouse that he does not believe in souls. To prove it, he sells his soul to Milhouse for $5, well actually; he sells him a piece of paper with "Bart Simpson's soul" written on it. He notices that animals are afraid of him and automatic doors don't recognize him. Bart continues to notice that he is different. He loses his ability to laugh at senseless violence. He tries unsuccessfully to get his soul back from Milhouse. Bart has nightmares, so he goes on to beg for Milhouse's help. Milhouse does not have the soul anymore; he sold it to Comic Book Guy, who then sold it to an unnamed person. Bart is relieved to discover it is Lisa, and she gives him back his soul. Bart is back to normal, metaphysically. A major reason why it’s maintained its popularity is because of its overall quality. While other cartoons and sitcoms center on vulgar themes and pathetic plot-lines, The Simpsons is able to shine far above the rest with its hilarious plots, and good messages. We all know it’s impossible to sell your soul, but that’s the creativity. At the end of the episode Bart learns the true meaning of having a soul and respecting the church. The Simpsons is a ride through a fantasy society, which mock very human trait. Beer is drunk in every episode, bad habits are given into, ignorance and disdain to normal people, but somehow, everyone gets along in the end. Some features can be irritating, such as the portrayal of women, it’s always the mother and sister who are working hard and very intelligent, and the men are laid back with no worry. It also discriminates against Indians like Apu the kwiki- mart owner.

The Founding Father of Jazz: Louis Armstrong

Foundations of the Founding Father of Jazz: Louis Armstrong Being heard in movies, the radio, television, and even elevators, jazz music has made its mark in just about every single location of the world. As popular as jazz is around the world, its original roots and foundations in the African-American culture are often forgotten. One of the most influential jazz musicians, Louis Armstrong, also known as Satchmo or Pops, is considered to be among the founding fathers of jazz music. His career launched in the early 1900s, where his legacy would form early to create a sound foundation for early jazz music that was quite exceptional.Louis Armstrong was such an essential part of the jazz age during the 1920’s that his music created a firm foundation, paving the way for Jazz musicians everywhere. His influential singing, along with his great dexterity, intricate lyrics, and profound melodies make it easy for him to claim his title as â€Å"The Founding Father of Jazz. † Taki ng his first breath in the world on August 4, 1901, Louis Armstrong was born to William and Mary â€Å"Mayanne† Albert Armstrong in the â€Å"Battlefield† of New, Orleans, Louisiana – one of the poorest areas of town (Old 15).Shortly after his birth, he was abandoned by his father, a factory worker, to be left with his mother, struggling to make ends meet (Old 16). Armstrong’s childhood was rather tough considering the fact that he had been abandoned by his father. Also, as times worsened, he was abandoned by his mother as she turned to prostitution to earn additional cash. He and his younger sister, Beatrice Armstrong Collins, were often left in the care of his maternal grandmother, Josephine Armstrong and their Uncle Isaac (Old 16).At age five, he moved back to live with his mother and relatives and very rarely saw his father. Armstrong had much respect for his mother; he wrote, â€Å"She held up her head at all times†¦What she didn’t have, she did without. † (Old 22) As a youngster, Armstrong was often seen singing in the streets with his friends to earn money. He was a very smart boy, but he often made the wrong decisions. He skipped from kindergarten into the second grade and grew up in a rough area where he would learn to shoot dice for pennies and play blackjack (Old 23).He attended the Fisk School for Boys in 1906 where he was first exposed to a large variety of music and brought in extra money as a paperboy, selling food to restaurants, and hauling coal to Storyville. However, he was not able to help his mother from turning to prostitution. Often times, young Armstrong explored local dance halls where he would soak in various aspects to the music business, including the music itself, performances, and dancing. The infamous Storyville is where Armstrong often listened to bands and musicians which included Joe â€Å"King† Oliver and other famous vocalists (Old 36).A fast forward to the year of 1912 b rings us to the beginnings of Armstrong’s involvement in instrumental music. In this very year, he dropped out of the Fisk School for boys and began to make a living by singing on the streets of New Orleans with a quartet group. During the time Armstrong performed with the quartet, Joe â€Å"King† Oliver taught him how to play the cornet. Because Armstrong did not have much family support, he was often left to his lonesome. However, a very kind Lithuanian-Jewish family, the Karnofskys, who gave him odd jobs from time to time took him in and treated him as their own.Eventually, the Karnofskys loaned him money for his first very own cornet, which would give him one of the necessary tools needed to be a successful musician – an instrument (Morgenstern 100). Although Armstrong’s positive image and career outlook began to develop in a great way that soon took a change in 1914 when he was sent to the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs, a delinquency home (Old 2 7). During that time, he was most known for his arrest due to firing his stepfather’s pistol into the air at a New Year’s Eve celebration.While at home, he was appointed to be the band leader for The Home band as they played all around New Orleans at the age of 13 years old. His musical career became more popular as he gained attention from the public eye for his evident cornet playing skills. At the age of 14, Armstrong was released from the home, returned to live with his father and stepmother, and soon to live with his mother again. Moving back with his mother put him in an environment that led him back to performing on the streets and being tempted by the red-light district lifestyle.Shortly after moving in with his mother, he got his first dance hall job (Henry Ponce’s) where he hauled coal by day and played cornet at night, making his skills well-known once again. Armstrong frequently performed as a cornet player which eventually helped him develop his own style and a more serious attitude toward music. He played in the city’s brass band parades, riverboats and steamboats, and took notes from other musicians with every change he got. Perfecting his craft was something that was very important to him.Some influential musicians that affected Armstrong’s career included Buck Johnson, Buddy Petit, Kid Ory, and Joe â€Å"King† Oliver. King soon became a mentor and somewhat of a father figure for the young musician who seemed to have no relevant family relationships or strong ties. His participation in playing on steamboats around New Orleans led him to travel with the popular band, Fate Marable. As he and the well-regarded band toured up and down the Mississippi River, much experience was gained by working with written musical pieces and arrangements.In 1917, Armstrong began playing with Kid Ory’s band until 1919 when Joe Oliver decided to move north and resign his position in the band. 1919 marks the year Armst rong became an official band member and replaced the â€Å"King. † Also, in that year, he became the second trumpeter for the Tuxedo Brass Band in New Orleans. In between his time playing with Kid Ory, Armstrong married Daisy Parker (Gretna, Louisiana) on March 19, 1918 (Old 39). Around that time Louis’ cousin, whose mother, Flora, died shortly after giving birth, had been taken in by the newlyweds.The three-year-old boy, Clarence Armstrong, who was mentally disabled, became one of Louis’ main responsibilities. Although both Daisy and Louis were parenting Clarence, the marriage did not last very long. They quickly separated and filed for divorce. However, Parker died shortly after the divorce. As Armstrong’s career began to develop even more, some adjustment had to be made to perfect his craft even more. In 1921, Louis Armstrong learned how to efficiently read music. His improvements led to great advancements as he joined Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band in Chicago in 1922.While working with the band, he took interest in Lillian (Lil) Hardin, the pianist, and they soon got married. His marriage with Lil lasted much longer than his first and they accomplished great things together. Although Louis Armstrong is renowned for his incredible jazz records, it is not widely known that many of his greatest hits were written and arranged by his wife at the time. She played the piano, composed, and arranged music for most of the important bands from New Orleans at the time.Lil Armstrong was a major contributor to her husband’s success as she composed hundreds of records and created musical successes (Kallen 32). In 1923, as paychecks continued to roll in, Armstrong’s career began to take a turn for the better. His lucrative career provided the proper finances for his lavish lifestyle maintained in Chicago, where he met Hoagy Carmichael. A mutual friend, Bix Beiderbecke, introduced the two to each other and they later collaborated on several projects. Jazz music began to circulate and spread through speakeasies, ballrooms, and dancehalls of Chicago (Kallen 30).It was very important that Armstrong would move to Chicago during the 1920s in order to keep up with the times. African-Americans moved away from the South to industrial states in the North; this was known as the Great Migration (Kallen 28). The city nicknamed â€Å"Chi-Town† became the major hub for gangsters, illegal nightclubs (speakeasies), and illegal liquor trade. The speakeasies were a major launching place for black musicians because they provided a place for the musicians to perform, earn lucrative paychecks, and led to a golden age of innovation (Kallen 28).Although Armstrong thoroughly enjoyed working with Oliver in Chicago, his wife suggested that he seek more advisement in order to develop and expand his newer style which was quite different from Oliver’s. Listening to his wife, Armstrong left Oliver’s band, and began to play in Fletcher Henderson’s band in Harlem, New York, 1924. The Henderson band, being highly respected, played in only the best venues and often for white-only crowds. While in Henderson’s band, he adapted to their controlled sound and style of play and incorporated storytelling and singing into his acts.Armstrong also made many side recordings which included the likes of Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Alberta Hunter. Many of these collaborations were arranged by an old friend back in New Orleans, Clarence Williams. Although he made quite a name for himself in the big city, his stay in New York did not last long; he eased on down back to Chicago in 1925 in hope of boosting his career, increase income, and gain more publicity. Introduced as â€Å"the World’s Greatest Trumpet Player,† Armstrong began to play with the Lil Hardin Armstrong Band but eventually began to record under his own name instead of joint projects with his wife.He recorded under Okeh a nd worked with his own groups, the Hot Five and the Hot Seven. Popular hits during this time include â€Å"Potato Head Blues,† Muggles,† and â€Å"West End Blues. † Several hits, including â€Å"Muggles† had references that indicated Armstrong’s long-time fondness of recreational plant use with marijuana. After working with the groups Hot Five and Hot Seven, Armstrong went into great ventures forming another band – Louis Armstrong & the Stompers. The band toured with the classic musical, Hot Chocolate, and had notable performances.He also made cameo appearances as a vocalist, often taking the spotlight with his rendition of â€Å"Ain’t Misbehavin. † Armstrong’s version of the song was quick to gain popularity and became his biggest selling record of all time. Armstrong eventually moved to Los Angeles in 1930 and played in the Cotton Club with elaborate floor shows and celebrity guests. At the Cotton Club, he had notable s uccess with his vocal recordings and even renditions of other famous songs. His recordings took a chance of course with the introduction of the RCA ribbon microphone in 1931.Intrinsic music style change showcased Armstrong’s unique vocal style and gave him a more innovative approach to singing. It would not be long before Armstrong would make appearances in film. In fact, in 1931, he appeared in his first movie, Ex-Flame. However, shortly thereafter, he was convicted for possession of marijuana, induced conflict upon himself with the mob, moved back to New Orleans, and eventually fled to Europe. As a comeback attempt, which was successful, Armstrong and his band worked with Joe Glaser to record with the Mills Brothers, Louis Jordan, Tommy Dorsey, and even Ella Fitzgerald.He later appeared in the film, â€Å"Pennies from Heaven† with Bing Crosby in 1936 and in 1937, he became the first black to host a sponsored, national radio broadcast. Louis Armstrong’s career began to rise again; however, his marriage did not experience the same thing. After having a variety of issues with his wife, Lil, they decided to divorce in 1938 and he began his third marriage with a woman named Alpha and his image to the public became a major concern. In addition to Armstrong’s marijuana usage, he loved to eat food and write in his journal.Several journal entries range from implicit to explicit notes which include several accounts regarding his sex life, music, childhood memories, and even a few jokes. He also went into great detail to describe food – the taste of it, the smell of it, the textures, and the way it made him feel on the inside. Food truly made him a soulful man with a smile on his face. However, his love for food became a problem when it came to health concerns. Armstrong was at major risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and even obesity.It became his primary goal to control his weight. Often times, he would be seen ta king laxatives and offering them to his band mates. It was very important to him to maintain a certain image that he would be perceived as a fit man; being in many films inspired him to do so. Some who worked with him also recalled times he would purge him in order to control weight. Armstrong’s life as not only an entertainer, but a leading personality, made him a great man adored by Americans in the 1900s. He gave even the greatest performers something to learn from.His influential jazz styles along with his loving personality gave him the career of a lifetime and truly a great experience. Louis Armstrong and his legacy as a Jazz musician continue on. â€Å"The Founding Father of Jazz† left a mark in music history that cannot be erased. Works Cited Armstrong, Louis. Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans. New York, NY: Da Capo, 1986. Print. Bergreen, Laurence. Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life. New York: Broadway, 1997. Print. â€Å"Jazz . Jazz Greats . Louis Armstrong | PBS KIDS GO! †Ã‚  Jazz . Jazz Greats . Louis Armstrong | PBS KIDS GO!PBS Kids, n. d. Web. Nov. 2012. . Kallen, Stuart A. The History of Jazz. San Diego: Lucent, 2003. Print. â€Å"Louis Armstrong. †Ã‚  Musician (Trumpet) @ All About Jazz. N. p. , n. d. Web. Nov. 2012. . â€Å"Louis Armstrong. †Ã‚  Musician (Trumpet) @ All About Jazz. NPR, n. d. Web. Nov. 2012. . Old, Wendie C. Louis Armstrong: King of Jazz. Springfield, NJ: Enslow, 1998. Print.

The Daily Life of a Union Soldier

The nation was split in two oer the concept of slavery. The northerly prohibit custodytists matt-up strongly against slavery band jump on the S protrudehern plantation owners were set on maintaining slave labor. S step to the foreh Carolina paved the counsel for collaborator states to secede from the United States of America. Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas curtly followed in early 1861 (Roark, 455). Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and marriage Carolina followed in the drug withdrawal of fellow southern states pursual the charge on Fort Sumter (Roark, 464).From this channelize on, the in wardness and the compact were set in stone. This was the chemical group of the bloody polished state of war. Millions of Americans enlisted in the passs to jump out their beliefs and half of the nation. leads face up acerb conditions non only on the battlefield, b arely besides in their packs. The twenty-four hours by twenty-four hourstime support of a matrimony sp halt consisted of hours of drills, stripped-down nutrient rations, and harsh conditions piece competitiveness to end slavery. The substance spends dual-lane m any(prenominal) similarities. To enlist as a pass the boy had to be at least(prenominal) 18 years old. around were in their new-fashioned teens and early twenties though boys as young as 15 reportedly enlisted and lied near their age ( vivification as a pass During the gracious state of war, 1). Bell Wiley described the solders as exsanguinous, native-born, out-of-the-way(prenominal)mer, protestant, ace, and mingled with the age of 18 and 29. The add up soldier was 58 pompous and weighed 143 pounds ( accomplished fight soldiers, 1). These custody came from a class of places since the North featured an industrial economy. Most of the soldiers were farmers, except hundreds of previous careers were recorded. almost hands were accountants, locksmiths, masons, painters, etc .( urbane struggle soldiers, 1).The early days and variety of occupations of the enlisted featured raw soldiers. consort to obliging contend soldiers, out of the 2. 75 million soldiers that fought in the civilized War, 2 million of them were from the North. Of these 2 million, were immigrants. 200,000 came from Ger more a(prenominal) another(prenominal), 150,000 were Irish, 45,000 were English, and 15,000 came from Canada (1). By the end of the war in 1865, 10% of join troops were African Americans ( vitality as a soldier During the polite War, 1). These workforce were non only battle to support the kernel still to a fault for their remedydom.Since white soldiers were chip to support the pith the bulk of the time, whatever financial pay custodyt was provided to mold in more than troops. The honest mesh for a colligation soldier was $11 per month ( career as a spend During the Civil War, 1). These pay workforcets were irregular, though. several(preno minal)times a soldier would wait sextuplet months out front receiving even a star months earning ( brio as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). In 1864, the Confederacy brocaded their payments to $18 a month, and not long after the fusion raised theirs to $16 (Civil War Soldiers, 1).While soldiers were legal transfer in lesser property, a trine star general could leave take in as much as $700 per month ( feeling as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). The earnings of for each one sign of soldier demonstrate the mixture in their images in the war. While whatsoever men only fought to make money for their family, some men fought to preserve the centre and to abolish slavery (Civil War Soldiers, 1). This bring up demonstrates the insolence soldiers had in what they were conflict for and showed some men would go to ut experimental conditionost(prenominal) lengths for what they trust in. It has rained for a week and the roadstead are muddy. later march for 20 miles it is not winning to lie down at dark in the laden without any bounce back. I am shop purposeless- in accompaniment I never was so tire in my life. But Hurrah It is whole for the spousal relationship -Elisha Rhodes The soldiers pride was in any case shown through with(predicate) their standardized a standardiseds. The fusion uniforms were more standardized than the Confederacys though some wore European flare clothe or no uniform at whole (The Life of a heart and soul Soldier, 1). The dark meritless uniforms were make from a heavy woolenen and worn with leather billed caps and skew-whiff raiment (Winthrop, 1).The soldiers may not subscribe been convenient but they were easily acknowledge through their regulation uniforms. Along with the uniforms, the soldiers alike carried many necessities with them. According to (Winthrop, 1), they had knapsacks with extra clothes, turn over up wool, and rubber tops. They carried namersacks with foods such as sit pork, c offee tree, sugar, dried peas, or touch sheets of waterless ve playables. A delicate mobile canteen was carried over each mans elevate (The Life of a sum of money Soldier, 1). A coupler soldiers uniform can be seen in Figure 1.Another item essential for all soldiers was guns. Arms were in unequal supply, though, and they would sometimes stool to wait months originally a new shipment would fare (The Life of a amount of money Soldier, 1). This privation of arms led to soldiers having to be certain just about what they do with and how they expenditure their weapons. acquaintance of how to use weapons was taught during a tentings day by day routine. Soldiers would wake at the walk of dawn for roll call back to jibe no one had time-tested to execute during the iniquity ( analyze pardner Soldiers and heart and soul Soldiers, 1). After role call, daily duties were appoint. any(prenominal) men would be assigned to kitchen job while others may have been in charg e of arms for the day ( comparing attendant Soldiers and union Soldiers, 1). eat came next which was followed by drills. Soldiers would spend hours in the hot sun vesture their wool uniforms practicing battle formations or fall upon skills. The men would return to camp drench in sweat and extremely tired (Alstyne, 1). After a hard days work it was not anomalous to identify groups of people surrounding fires preparedness and render songs along with talking about the in style(p) camp news (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1).Union soldiers successful songs like the Battle Cry of Freedom, Red, White, and Blue, and the sense datum spangle Banner (Civil War Soldiers, 1). At 1030 P. M. on the circularize it was lights out so everyone could eviscerate some rest for the next day or exhaustion (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1). Although soldiers hoped to get a dangerous nights rest, the quiescence conditions were not the best. Most c amps had a single blanket on the ground with another(prenominal) as a cover (Alstyne, 1). Some lucky men got to sleep on wheat mattresses (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1).The soldiers were exposed to nature at night due to the lack of cover provided by the tents. Muslin was drawn over a gage 3 feet from the ground and impolite at both ends (Alstyne, 1). This was considered plaza to the emblematic Union soldier. If it was raining, they had to sleep on the wet ground. Bugs and rodents were also third estate nighttime visitors at camp (Alstyne, 1). Most men did not get the rest they required from hours of operose drills during the day, star to extreme exhaustion end-to-end the army. non only were sleeping conditions undesirable, but the food the soldiers ate was not the best, either.The most common meal was salted meats, hardtrack, and coffee (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1). Hardtrack was a term coined for the tasteless, hard crackers men became habitu al to take. The feeling of being lavish was a sensation that was practically unhearable of in the Union army. Food rations were small and far between so sometimes the soldiers would employ to foraging for fruits, berries, and game animals to come across their smart (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1). Although food on the camps had little to no taste,everyone scraped their tin plates plum (Alstyne, 1). The starvation soldiers would have eaten anything if it meant their stomach pains would temporarily subside. When the men were not doing drills or eating meals, they oft found themselves bored. Some men would do chores like cook or clean (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). Games or dominoes, poker, or baseball often broke out in camps (Civil War Soldiers, 1). With the increase literacy rates, many men could write home during free time (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1).Along with writing, more and more men would construe newspapers and journals. Alt hough the soldiers had some time to themselves, they chill out had to be ready at a meanings notice. Cycles of marching and profound competitiveness were included in the lives of soldiers in the North (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1). Periods of fighting led to mass injuries in the Union army. 360,000 men died during the Civil War from the North- about 110,000 in battle and 225,000 of affection (Civil War Soldiers, 1). The massive dissipate of unsoundness through the army was think to insalubrious conditions (Civil War Soldiers, 1).Water sources were befouled so not only were the soldiers touch but also the environment and the residents in that playing area (Civil War Soldiers, 1). The wound did not fare much kick downstairs than the ill. Doctors could do little for torso wounds, so these men were often doomed to die. Injuries to the extremities were often amputated (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). Life as a Union soldier was not easy. It baffling hours of punishing training on a daily basis paired with short(p) sleeping conditions.These men gave their lives to fight for what they believed in and back up the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery. A soldier never knew what the by-line day would hold. Would they be playing a hearty game of baseball at camp, marching to their next battle site, or be greeted with a day of vehement fighting? 360,000 of the 2 million soldiers were killed during the war (Civil War Soldiers, 1). Fear did not hold soldiers from enlisting, though. Thousands of men signed up and leftover the lives they knew for small tents and tasteless hardtrack.The periodical Life of a Union SoldierThe nation was split in two over the concept of slavery. The Northern abolitionists felt strongly against slavery while the gray plantation owners were set on maintaining slave labor. South Carolina paved the way for Southern states to secede from the United States of America. Georgia, Florida, Alabama, M ississippi, Louisiana, and Texas soon followed in early 1861 (Roark, 455). Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed in the secession of fellow southern states following the attack on Fort Sumter (Roark, 464).From this point on, the Union and the Confederacy were set in stone. This was the root of the bloody Civil War. Millions of Americans enlisted in the army to support their beliefs and half of the nation. Soldiers faced harsh conditions not only on the battlefield, but also in their camps. The daily life of a Union soldier consisted of hours of drills, minimal food rations, and harsh conditions while fighting to end slavery. The Union soldiers shared many similarities. To enlist as a soldier the boy had to be at least 18 years old.Most were in their late teens and early twenties though boys as young as 15 reportedly enlisted and lied about their age (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). Bell Wiley described the solders as white, native-born, farmer, prote stant, single, and between the age of 18 and 29. The average soldier was 58 tall and weighed 143 pounds (Civil War Soldiers, 1). These men came from a variety of places since the North featured an industrial economy. Most of the soldiers were farmers, but hundreds of previous careers were recorded. Some men were accountants, locksmiths, masons, painters, etc.(Civil War Soldiers, 1).The youth and variety of occupations of the enlisted featured inexperienced soldiers. According to Civil War Soldiers, out of the 2. 75 million soldiers that fought in the Civil War, 2 million of them were from the North. Of these 2 million, ? were immigrants. 200,000 came from Germany, 150,000 were Irish, 45,000 were English, and 15,000 came from Canada (1). By the end of the war in 1865, 10% of Union troops were African Americans (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). These men were not only fighting to support the Union but also for their freedom.Since white soldiers were fighting to support the Union the majority of the time, some financial compensation was provided to bring in more troops. The average wage for a Union soldier was $11 per month (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). These payments were irregular, though. Sometimes a soldier would wait six months before receiving even a single months earning (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). In 1864, the Confederacy raised their payments to $18 a month, and not long after the Union raised theirs to $16 (Civil War Soldiers, 1).While soldiers were bringing in little money, a three star general could have earned as much as $700 per month (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). The earnings of each type of soldier demonstrate the diversity in their roles in the war. While some men only fought to make money for their family, some men fought to preserve the Union and to abolish slavery (Civil War Soldiers, 1). This quote demonstrates the pride soldiers had in what they were fighting for and showed some men would go to extreme lengths for what they believe in. It has rained for a week and the roads are muddy.After marching for 20 miles it is not pleasant to lie down at night in the wet without any cover. I am tired- in fact I never was so tired in my life. But Hurrah It is all for the Union -Elisha Rhodes The soldiers pride was also shown through their standardized uniforms. The Union uniforms were more standardized than the Confederacys though some wore European style clothing or no uniform at all (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1). The dark blue uniforms were made from a heavy wool and worn with leather billed caps and stiff shoes (Winthrop, 1).The soldiers may not have been comfortable but they were easily recognized through their regulation uniforms. Along with the uniforms, the soldiers also carried many necessities with them. According to (Winthrop, 1), they had knapsacks with extra clothes, rolled up wool, and rubber blankets. They carried haversacks with foods such as sat pork, c offee, sugar, dried peas, or pressed sheets of desiccated vegetables. A small canteen was carried over each mans shoulder (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1). A Union soldiers uniform can be seen in Figure 1.Another item required for all soldiers was guns. Arms were in short supply, though, and they would sometimes have to wait months before a new shipment would arrive (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1). This lack of arms led to soldiers having to be conscious about what they do with and how they use their weapons. Knowledge of how to use weapons was taught during a camps daily routine. Soldiers would wake at the crack of dawn for roll call to ensure no one had tried to run during the night (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1). After role call, daily duties were assigned.Some men would be assigned to kitchen duty while others may have been in charge of arms for the day (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1). Breakfast came next which was followed by dril ls. Soldiers would spend hours in the hot sun wearing their wool uniforms practicing battle formations or combat skills. The men would return to camp drenched in sweat and extremely tired (Alstyne, 1). After a hard days work it was not uncommon to find groups of people surrounding fires cooking and singing songs along with talking about the latest camp news (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1).Union soldiers favored songs like the Battle Cry of Freedom, Red, White, and Blue, and the Star Spangled Banner (Civil War Soldiers, 1). At 1030 P. M. on the dot it was lights out so everyone could get some rest for the next day or exhaustion (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1). Although soldiers hoped to get a good nights rest, the sleeping conditions were not the best. Most camps had a single blanket on the ground with another as a cover (Alstyne, 1). Some lucky men got to sleep on straw mattresses (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1).Th e soldiers were exposed to nature at night due to the lack of cover provided by the tents. Muslin was drawn over a pole 3 feet from the ground and open at both ends (Alstyne, 1). This was considered home to the typical Union soldier. If it was raining, they had to sleep on the wet ground. Bugs and rodents were also common nighttime visitors at camp (Alstyne, 1). Most men did not get the rest they required from hours of strenuous drills during the day, leading to extreme exhaustion throughout the army. Not only were sleeping conditions undesirable, but the food the soldiers ate was not the best, either.The most common meal was salted meats, hardtrack, and coffee (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1). Hardtrack was a term coined for the tasteless, hard crackers men became accustomed to eating. The feeling of being full was a sensation that was practically unheard of in the Union army. Food rations were small and far between so sometimes the soldiers would resort to foraging for fruits, ber ries, and game animals to satisfy their hunger (Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1).Although food on the camps had little to no taste,everyone scraped their tin plates clean (Alstyne, 1). The starving soldiers would have eaten anything if it meant their stomach pains would temporarily subside. When the men were not doing drills or eating meals, they often found themselves bored. Some men would do chores like cook or clean (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). Games or dominoes, poker, or baseball often broke out in camps (Civil War Soldiers, 1). With the increasing literacy rates, many men could write home during free time (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1).Along with writing, more and more men would read newspapers and journals. Although the soldiers had some time to themselves, they still had to be ready at a moments notice. Cycles of marching and intense fighting were included in the lives of soldiers in the North (The Life of a Union Soldier, 1). Periods o f fighting led to mass injuries in the Union army. 360,000 men died during the Civil War from the North- about 110,000 in battle and 225,000 of disease (Civil War Soldiers, 1). The massive spread of disease through the army was linked to unsanitary conditions (Civil War Soldiers, 1).Water sources were fouled so not only were the soldiers affected but also the environment and the residents in that area (Civil War Soldiers, 1). The injured did not fare much better than the ill. Doctors could do little for torso wounds, so these men were often doomed to die. Injuries to the extremities were often amputated (Life as a Soldier During the Civil War, 1). Life as a Union soldier was not easy. It involved hours of strenuous training on a daily basis paired with poor sleeping conditions.These men gave their lives to fight for what they believed in and supported the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery. A soldier never knew what the following day would hold. Would they be pla ying a friendly game of baseball at camp, marching to their next battle site, or be greeted with a day of intense fighting? 360,000 of the 2 million soldiers were killed during the war (Civil War Soldiers, 1). Fear did not stop soldiers from enlisting, though. Thousands of men signed up and left the lives they knew for small tents and tasteless hardtrack.